Korean vocabulary – level 5 (2,478 words)
TOPIK II · advanced
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 집권jipgwon | noun taking power, holding power; rule (of a party or government) |
| 정계jeonggye | noun political world, political circles, politics |
| 국정gukjeong | noun state affairs, national administration, running the country |
| 의석uiseok | noun seat (in a legislature), parliamentary seat |
| 의결uigyeol | noun resolution, decision by vote |
| 의안uian | noun bill, legislative proposal, motion |
| 발의barui | noun proposal (of a bill), motion, initiative |
| 상정sangjeong | noun putting (a bill) on the agenda, submission to a session |
| 가결되다gagyeoldoeda | verb to be passed, to be approved (by vote) |
| 부결되다bugyeoldoeda | verb to be rejected, to be voted down |
| 표결pyogyeol | noun vote, voting (on a matter) |
| 다수결dasugyeol | noun majority rule, majority vote |
| 대통령제daetongnyeongje | noun presidential system |
| 내각naegak | noun cabinet (of ministers) |
| 입법부ipbeopbu | noun legislature, legislative branch |
| 사법부sabeopbu | noun judiciary, judicial branch |
| 자치jachi | noun self-government, autonomy |
| 관료gwallyo | noun bureaucrat, government official; bureaucracy |
| 공직gongjik | noun public office, government post |
| 공직자gongjikja | noun public official, public servant |
| 청렴cheongnyeom | noun integrity, incorruptibility, honesty (of officials) |
| 부정부패bujeongbupae | noun corruption, graft |
| 비리biri | noun irregularities, corruption, wrongdoing |
| 뇌물noemul | noun bribe |
| 횡령hoengnyeong | noun embezzlement |
| 유착yuchak | noun collusion, cozy ties; (medical) adhesion |
| 권력gwollyeok | noun power, authority |
| 권위적gwonwijeok | noun authoritarian, bossy, overbearing |
| 세력seryeok | noun power, influence; force, faction |
| 노선noseon | noun (political) line, course, stance; route |
| 지지층jijicheung | noun support base, supporters |
| 피선거권piseongeogwon | noun eligibility for election, right to run for office |
| 기권gigwon | noun abstention; forfeit (in sports) |
| 출마chulma | noun running for office, candidacy |
| 유세yuse | noun campaign speech, stumping, campaigning |
| 낙선nakseon | noun losing an election, election defeat |
| 재선jaeseon | noun reelection; second term |
| 연임yeonim | noun serving consecutive terms, reappointment |
| 퇴임toeim | noun retirement from office, leaving office |
| 사임saim | noun resignation (from a post) |
| 탄핵tanhaek | noun impeachment |
| 파면pamyeon | noun dismissal, removal from office |
| 경질gyeongjil | noun replacement (of an official), sacking |
| 발탁baltak | noun selection, being picked (for a post) |
| 개각gaegak | noun cabinet reshuffle |
| 민심minsim | noun public sentiment, public mood |
| 민의minui | noun will of the people, public will |
| 주권jugwon | noun sovereignty |
| 공화국gonghwaguk | noun republic |
| 쿠데타kudeta | noun coup d'état, coup |
| 쇄신swaesin | noun reform, renewal, overhaul |
| 정비jeongbi | noun reorganization, overhaul; maintenance |
| 철폐cheolpye | noun abolition, repeal |
| 공표gongpyo | noun official announcement, public release |
| 감찰gamchal | noun inspection, internal investigation (of officials) |
| 견제gyeonje | noun check, restraint, keeping in check |
| 타협tahyeop | noun compromise |
| 분열bunyeol | noun division, split, rift |
| 화합hwahap | noun harmony, unity |
| 제휴jehyu | noun partnership, tie-up, alliance |
| 관할gwanhal | noun jurisdiction |
| 소관sogwan | noun jurisdiction, area of responsibility (of a department) |
| 부처bucheo | noun government ministry, ministries and agencies |
| 조례jorye | noun local ordinance, bylaw |
| 예산안yesanan | noun budget bill, proposed budget |
| 재원jaewon | noun source of funds, funding |
| 국채gukchae | noun government bond, national debt |
| 포퓰리즘popyullijeum | noun populism |
| 선거구seongeogu | noun electoral district, constituency |
| 청문회cheongmunhoe | noun hearing, confirmation hearing |
| 농성nongseong | noun sit-in, protest occupation |
| 진압jinap | noun suppression, crackdown; putting out (a fire) |
| 비상사태bisangsatae | noun state of emergency |
| 수반suban | noun head (of government) |
| 담화damhwa | noun (official) address, statement; conversation |
| 표명pyomyeong | noun expression (of a stance), declaration |
| 천명하다cheonmyeonghada | verb to declare, to proclaim, to make clear |
| 시사하다sisahada | verb to suggest, to imply, to hint at |
| 공론화gongnonhwa | noun bringing an issue into public debate, making something a public issue |
| 의제uije | noun agenda, agenda item, topic for discussion |
| 인플레이션inpeulleisyeon | noun inflation |
| 디플레이션dipeulleisyeon | noun deflation |
| 성장률seongjangnyul | noun growth rate |
| 실업률sireomnyul | noun unemployment rate |
| 외환oehwan | noun foreign exchange, foreign currency |
| 외채oechae | noun foreign debt, external debt |
| 채무chaemu | noun debt, liability, financial obligation |
| 담보dambo | noun collateral, security; guarantee |
| 상환sanghwan | noun repayment, paying back (a loan) |
| 도산dosan | noun bankruptcy, business failure |
| 지분jibun | noun stake, share (of ownership), equity |
| 증시jeungsi | noun stock market |
| 상장sangjang | noun listing (on a stock exchange) |
| 변동성byeondongseong | noun volatility |
| 거품geopum | noun (economic) bubble, inflated value; foam, froth |
| 투기tugi | noun speculation (financial) |
| 자본jabon | noun capital (money or assets for business) |
| 자본주의jabonjuui | noun capitalism |
| 자금jageum | noun funds, money (for a specific purpose) |
| 유동성yudongseong | noun liquidity; fluidity |
| 수익률suingnyul | noun rate of return, yield |
| 배당baedang | noun dividend; allotment |
| 융자yungja | noun loan, financing |
| 과세gwase | noun taxation, imposing a tax |
| 탈세talse | noun tax evasion |
| 조세jose | noun taxes, taxation (formal) |
| 관세gwanse | noun tariff, customs duty |
| 수급sugeup | noun supply and demand |
| 과잉gwaing | noun excess, surplus, over- |
| 독점dokjeom | noun monopoly; exclusive possession |
| 담합damhap | noun collusion, price-fixing |
| 점유율jeomyuyul | noun (market) share |
| 내수naesu | noun domestic demand |
| 통화tonghwa | noun currency, money |
| 긴축ginchuk | noun austerity, (fiscal or monetary) tightening |
| 중앙은행jungangeunhaeng | noun central bank |
| 양극화yanggeukhwa | noun polarization, widening gap |
| 재분배jaebunbae | noun redistribution |
| 납부napbu | noun payment (of taxes, fees, bills) |
| 체납chenap | noun nonpayment, arrears (of taxes or fees) |
| 징수jingsu | noun collection (of taxes or fees) |
| 환급hwangeup | noun refund (of taxes or fees) |
| 공제gongje | noun deduction (from income or tax) |
| 입찰ipchal | noun bid, tender |
| 낙찰nakchal | noun winning a bid, award of a contract |
| 수주suju | noun receiving an order, winning a contract |
| 발주balju | noun placing an order (for goods or construction) |
| 조달jodal | noun procurement; raising (funds) |
| 시세sise | noun market price, going rate |
| 매입maeip | noun purchase, buying (business or formal) |
| 매각maegak | noun sale, selling off (assets) |
| 청산cheongsan | noun liquidation; settling (accounts or debts); clearing away (the past) |
| 재벌jaebeol | noun chaebol, family-run business conglomerate |
| 계열사gyeyeolsa | noun affiliate, affiliated company (of a business group) |
| 법령beomnyeong | noun laws and ordinances, statutes |
| 법조계beopjogye | noun the legal profession, legal circles |
| 법치주의beopchijuui | noun rule of law |
| 조약joyak | noun treaty |
| 판례pallye | noun (judicial) precedent, case law |
| 기소giso | noun indictment, prosecution |
| 피고인pigoin | noun defendant (in a criminal case), the accused |
| 피의자piuija | noun suspect (under investigation) |
| 혐의hyeomui | noun suspicion, charge, allegation |
| 배심원baesimwon | noun juror; jury |
| 항소hangso | noun appeal (to a higher court) |
| 재심jaesim | noun retrial, review of a final judgment |
| 기각gigak | noun dismissal, rejection (of a claim or appeal) |
| 승소seungso | noun winning a lawsuit |
| 패소paeso | noun losing a lawsuit |
| 위자료wijaryo | noun compensation for emotional distress; (divorce) settlement payment |
| 실형silhyeong | noun actual prison sentence (not suspended) |
| 체포chepo | noun arrest |
| 영장yeongjang | noun warrant |
| 자백jabaek | noun confession |
| 범행beomhaeng | noun crime, criminal act |
| 전과jeongwa | noun criminal record, previous conviction |
| 재범jaebeom | noun repeat offense, recidivism; repeat offender |
| 수감sugam | noun imprisonment, incarceration |
| 보석boseok | noun bail, release on bail |
| 사면samyeon | noun pardon, amnesty |
| 형벌hyeongbeol | noun punishment, penalty (criminal) |
| 적법jeokbeop | noun legality, being lawful |
| 위헌wiheon | noun unconstitutionality, violation of the constitution |
| 준수junsu | noun observance, compliance (with rules or laws) |
| 저촉되다jeochokdoeda | verb to conflict with, to violate (a law or rule) |
| 침해chimhae | noun infringement, violation (of rights) |
| 기본권gibongwon | noun basic rights, fundamental rights |
| 상해sanghae | noun bodily injury, harm |
| 협박hyeopbak | noun threat, intimidation, blackmail |
| 위조wijo | noun forgery, counterfeiting |
| 과실gwasil | noun negligence, fault, carelessness |
| 고의goui | noun intent, intention (to do wrong), deliberateness |
| 정당방위jeongdangbangwi | noun self-defense (legal), justifiable defense |
| 시효sihyo | noun statute of limitations, prescription |
| 효력hyoryeok | noun effect, validity, force (of a law or contract) |
| 발효balhyo | noun coming into force, taking effect (of a law or treaty) |
| 무효muhyo | noun invalidity, being null and void |
| 유효yuhyo | noun validity, effectiveness |
| 위임wiim | noun delegation, entrustment (of authority) |
| 증여jeungyeo | noun gift, donation (legal), transfer of property as a gift |
| 양도yangdo | noun transfer, assignment (of rights or property) |
| 압류amnyu | noun seizure, confiscation (of property by court order) |
| 경매gyeongmae | noun auction |
| 신원sinwon | noun identity, personal background |
| 진상jinsang | noun the truth (of a matter), the real facts |
| 반증banjeung | noun counterevidence, disproof; proof that indirectly shows something |
| 기사화gisahwa | noun being reported as a news story, coverage |
| 오보obo | noun false report, misreport, inaccurate news |
| 허위heowi | noun falsehood, falsity |
| 과장gwajang | noun exaggeration, overstatement |
| 편파적pyeonpajeok | noun biased, partial, one-sided |
| 중립성jungnipseong | noun neutrality, impartiality |
| 신빙성sinbingseong | noun credibility, reliability |
| 취재원chwijaewon | noun news source, informant |
| 논설nonseol | noun editorial, commentary, opinion piece |
| 논설위원nonseorwiwon | noun editorial writer, editorialist |
| 칼럼니스트kalleomniseuteu | noun columnist |
| 투고tugo | noun submission, contribution (of writing to a publication) |
| 독자층dokjacheung | noun readership, audience (of readers) |
| 발행balhaeng | noun publication, issuance |
| 간행물ganhaengmul | noun publication, periodical |
| 중계junggye | noun broadcast, live coverage (relay) |
| 편집pyeonjip | noun editing |
| 편성pyeonseong | noun organization, scheduling (of programs or a budget), formation |
| 선정적seonjeongjeok | noun sensational, provocative (often sexually suggestive) |
| 자극적jageukjeok | noun stimulating, provocative, sensational; spicy or strong (food) |
| 표제pyoje | noun headline, title (of an article or book) |
| 요지yoji | noun gist, main point, essence |
| 논조nonjo | noun tone (of an argument or article), editorial line |
| 논지nonji | noun main argument, thesis, point (of an argument) |
| 파문pamun | noun repercussions, stir, uproar; ripple |
| 물의murui | noun public criticism, scandal, controversy |
| 구설수guseolsu | noun being the subject of gossip, bad talk; ill luck of gossip |
| 여론몰이yeoronmori | noun drumming up public opinion, opinion manipulation |
| 마녀사냥manyeosanyang | noun witch hunt |
| 유포yupo | noun spreading, circulation (of rumors or material) |
| 전파jeonpa | noun spread, propagation, dissemination |
| 반향banhyang | noun response, reaction, echo |
| 대서특필daeseoteukpil | noun front-page coverage, splashy headline treatment |
| 방영되다bangyeongdoeda | verb to be aired, to be broadcast (on TV) |
| 연재되다yeonjaedoeda | verb to be serialized, to run as a series |
| 특집teukjip | noun special feature, special edition |
| 대담daedam | noun talk, dialogue, interview (between two people) |
| 화두hwadu | noun hot topic, key issue, main theme of discussion |
| 담론damnon | noun discourse, discussion |
| 공방gongbang | noun back-and-forth attack and defense, exchange of attacks |
| 설전seoljeon | noun war of words, heated verbal dispute |
| 사상sasang | noun thought, ideology, philosophy |
| 사유sayu | noun contemplation, deep thinking, reflection |
| 도덕성dodeokseong | noun morality, moral character |
| 세계관segyegwan | noun worldview |
| 신념sinnyeom | noun belief, conviction |
| 소신sosin | noun conviction, one's belief, principles |
| 신조sinjo | noun creed, principle, motto |
| 정의jeongui | noun justice, righteousness |
| 불의burui | noun injustice, wrongdoing |
| 진리jilli | noun truth (universal) |
| 이상isang | noun ideal |
| 물질주의muljiljuui | noun materialism |
| 낙관론nakgwannon | noun optimism, optimistic view |
| 비관론bigwannon | noun pessimism, pessimistic view |
| 회의론hoeuiron | noun skepticism |
| 보편성bopyeonseong | noun universality |
| 명제myeongje | noun proposition, thesis |
| 추론하다churonhada | verb to infer, to deduce, to reason |
| 논증nonjeung | noun argument, demonstration (logical proof) |
| 논거nongeo | noun grounds (for an argument), supporting evidence |
| 정당성jeongdangseong | noun legitimacy, justification, validity |
| 합리화hamnihwa | noun rationalization, self-justification; streamlining |
| 궤변gwebyeon | noun sophistry, specious argument |
| 성찰하다seongchalhada | verb to reflect on (oneself), to introspect |
| 사색sasaek | noun contemplation, meditation, deep thought |
| 고찰하다gochalhada | verb to examine, to consider, to study (carefully) |
| 통찰tongchal | noun insight |
| 통찰력tongchallyeok | noun insight, perceptiveness, vision |
| 직관jikgwan | noun intuition |
| 깨우치다kkaeuchida | verb to enlighten, to make (someone) realize; to come to realize |
| 자아jaa | noun self, ego |
| 자아실현jaasilhyeon | noun self-actualization, self-realization |
| 주체성jucheseong | noun independence, autonomy, sense of agency |
| 존엄joneom | noun dignity |
| 존엄성joneomseong | noun dignity |
| 자율성jayulseong | noun autonomy, self-direction |
| 의리uiri | noun loyalty, faithfulness (to friends) |
| 실리silli | noun practical benefit, actual gain |
| 선의seonui | noun good intention, goodwill |
| 악의agui | noun malice, ill will |
| 덕목deongmok | noun virtue, a quality one should have |
| 수양suyang | noun self-cultivation, self-discipline |
| 수행suhaeng | noun ascetic practice, spiritual training |
| 숙명sungmyeong | noun fate, destiny (inescapable) |
| 신앙sinang | noun faith, religious belief |
| 경전gyeongjeon | noun scripture, sacred text, classic |
| 성경seonggyeong | noun the Bible |
| 불경bulgyeong | noun Buddhist scripture, sutra |
| 사찰sachal | noun Buddhist temple |
| 금기geumgi | noun taboo |
| 신성하다sinseonghada | adjective to be sacred, to be holy |
| 세속적sesokjeok | determiner worldly, secular |
| 초월하다chowolhada | verb to transcend, to go beyond |
| 영혼yeonghon | noun soul, spirit |
| 정신세계jeongsinsegye | noun inner world, spiritual world |
| 심리학simnihak | noun psychology |
| 무의식muuisik | noun the unconscious, unconsciousness |
| 욕구yokgu | noun desire, need, urge |
| 욕망yongmang | noun desire, craving, lust |
| 충동chungdong | noun impulse, urge |
| 동기donggi | noun motive, motivation |
| 억압eogap | noun oppression, repression, suppression |
| 트라우마teurauma | noun trauma |
| 강박gangbak | noun compulsion, obsession, pressure |
| 무기력하다mugiryeokada | adjective to be lethargic, to be listless, to be helpless |
| 박탈감baktalgam | noun sense of deprivation, feeling of being left out |
| 고립감goripgam | noun sense of isolation |
| 허탈감heotalgam | noun feeling of emptiness, letdown, despondency |
| 좌절감jwajeolgam | noun frustration, sense of defeat |
| 안도감andogam | noun relief, sense of relief |
| 소속감sosokgam | noun sense of belonging |
| 경각심gyeonggaksim | noun alertness, wariness, awareness (of danger) |
| 적대감jeokdaegam | noun hostility, animosity |
| 친밀감chinmilgam | noun closeness, intimacy, familiarity |
| 배신감baesingam | noun sense of betrayal |
| 울분ulbun | noun pent-up anger, resentment, indignation |
| 시기sigi | noun envy, jealousy |
| 선망seonmang | noun envy, admiration, aspiration |
| 동경donggyeong | noun longing, yearning, admiration |
| 감수성gamsuseong | noun sensitivity, sensibility |
| 인지inji | noun cognition, recognition, awareness |
| 착각chakgak | noun mistaken belief, illusion, confusion |
| 망상mangsang | noun delusion, wild fantasy |
| 편향pyeonhyang | noun bias, leaning, tilt |
| 분별력bunbyeollyeok | noun discernment, good judgment, good sense |
| 적응력jeogeungnyeok | noun adaptability |
| 안정감anjeonggam | noun sense of stability, feeling of security |
| 평정심pyeongjeongsim | noun composure, calmness, equanimity |
| 동조하다dongjohada | verb to side with, to go along with; to conform |
| 치유하다chiyuhada | verb to heal, to cure |
| 호기심hogisim | noun curiosity |
| 권태기gwontaegi | noun a rut, period of boredom (especially in a relationship) |
| 정신력jeongsinnyeok | noun mental strength, willpower, mental toughness |
| 마음가짐maeumgajim | noun mindset, attitude, frame of mind |
| 심경simgyeong | noun state of mind, feelings |
| 심정simjeong | noun feelings, sentiments, how one feels |
| 속내songnae | noun true feelings, inner thoughts, real intentions |
| 사료saryo | noun historical records, historical materials |
| 문헌munheon | noun literature, documents, written records |
| 보물bomul | noun Treasure (designated heritage rank); treasure |
| 발굴balgul | noun excavation, dig; discovery (of talent) |
| 출토chulto | noun unearthing, excavation (of an object) |
| 고고학gogohak | noun archaeology |
| 고대godae | noun ancient times, antiquity |
| 중세jungse | noun the Middle Ages, medieval period |
| 근대geundae | noun modern times, the modern era |
| 왕권wanggwon | noun royal authority, the king's power |
| 군주gunju | noun monarch, sovereign, ruler |
| 양반yangban | noun yangban, the Joseon aristocracy; (casual) a gentleman, this guy |
| 노비nobi | noun slaves, servants (in premodern Korea) |
| 신분제sinbunje | noun social class system, caste system |
| 봉건bonggeon | noun feudal; feudalism |
| 건국geonguk | noun founding of a nation |
| 멸망myeolmang | noun fall, collapse, destruction (of a nation) |
| 번영beonyeong | noun prosperity, flourishing |
| 전성기jeonseonggi | noun heyday, golden age, prime |
| 융성yungseong | noun flourishing, prosperity, rise |
| 흥망성쇠heungmangseongsoe | noun rise and fall, ups and downs |
| 분단bundan | noun division, partition (of a country) |
| 분단국가bundangukga | noun divided country, divided nation |
| 침략chimnyak | noun invasion, aggression |
| 침입chimip | noun intrusion, break-in, invasion |
| 정복jeongbok | noun conquest |
| 식민지singminji | noun colony |
| 독립운동dongnibundong | noun independence movement |
| 독립운동가dongnibundongga | noun independence activist, freedom fighter |
| 광복gwangbok | noun liberation (of Korea in 1945), restoration of independence |
| 광복절gwangbokjeol | noun National Liberation Day (August 15) |
| 해방haebang | noun liberation, emancipation, release |
| 항쟁hangjaeng | noun resistance, struggle, uprising |
| 의병uibyeong | noun righteous army, volunteer militia |
| 휴전hyujeon | noun ceasefire, truce, armistice |
| 정전jeongjeon | noun armistice, cessation of hostilities |
| 피란piran | noun fleeing from war, taking refuge |
| 실향민silhyangmin | noun displaced people who lost their hometown (especially from North Korea) |
| 이산가족isangajok | noun separated families (especially those divided by the Korean War) |
| 전후jeonhu | noun postwar (period) |
| 근대화geundaehwa | noun modernization |
| 과거gwageo | noun civil service examination (Goryeo and Joseon); (homonym) the past |
| 훈민정음hunminjeongeum | noun Hunminjeongeum, the original name of Hangeul |
| 선비seonbi | noun (Joseon) classical scholar; a learned man of integrity |
| 족보jokbo | noun family tree, genealogy record |
| 가문gamun | noun family, clan, lineage |
| 풍속pungsok | noun customs, manners, folkways |
| 인습inseup | noun outdated convention, old custom (negative) |
| 악습akseup | noun bad practice, evil custom, bad habit |
| 미풍양속mipungnyangsok | noun good morals and manners, fine traditional customs |
| 계승하다gyeseunghada | verb to carry on, to inherit, to succeed to |
| 복원bogwon | noun restoration |
| 재현jaehyeon | noun reproduction, re-creation, reenactment |
| 역사의식yeoksauisik | noun historical awareness, historical consciousness |
| 시대상sidaesang | noun picture of an era, aspects of the times |
| 시대착오sidaechago | noun anachronism, being behind the times |
| 격동기gyeokdonggi | noun turbulent period, era of upheaval |
| 국제기구gukjegigu | noun international organization |
| 정세jeongse | noun situation, state of affairs (political) |
| 수교sugyo | noun establishment of diplomatic relations |
| 영사관yeongsagwan | noun consulate |
| 특사teuksa | noun special envoy |
| 정상jeongsang | noun head of state, leader (at a summit); summit, top |
| 회담hoedam | noun talks, conference, meeting |
| 협상력hyeopsangnyeok | noun negotiating power, bargaining power |
| 협정hyeopjeong | noun agreement, accord, pact |
| 체결하다chegyeolhada | verb to conclude, to sign (a treaty or contract) |
| 파기pagi | noun scrapping, annulment, breaking (an agreement); destruction (of documents) |
| 국익gugik | noun national interest |
| 패권paegwon | noun hegemony, supremacy, dominance |
| 강대국gangdaeguk | noun great power, superpower |
| 약소국yaksoguk | noun small and weak nation, minor power |
| 선진국seonjinguk | noun developed country, advanced nation |
| 신흥국sinheungguk | noun emerging country, emerging economy |
| 열강yeolgang | noun the (great) powers |
| 제국주의jegukjuui | noun imperialism |
| 냉전naengjeon | noun cold war; the Cold War |
| 공조gongjo | noun cooperation, coordination, joint action |
| 우호uho | noun friendship, amity (between nations) |
| 적대jeokdae | noun hostility, antagonism |
| 제재jejae | noun sanctions; restriction, penalty |
| 봉쇄bongswae | noun blockade, lockdown, sealing off |
| 보복bobok | noun retaliation, revenge |
| 영토yeongto | noun territory |
| 국경gukgyeong | noun border, national boundary |
| 중재jungjae | noun mediation, arbitration |
| 안보anbo | noun (national) security |
| 군사gunsa | noun military affairs; military |
| 군사력gunsaryeok | noun military power, military strength |
| 핵무기haengmugi | noun nuclear weapon |
| 비핵화bihaekhwa | noun denuclearization |
| 무력muryeok | noun armed force, military force |
| 도발dobal | noun provocation |
| 억지력eokjiryeok | noun deterrence, deterrent power |
| 병력byeongnyeok | noun troops, military forces (manpower) |
| 징병제jingbyeongje | noun conscription, the draft (system) |
| 참전chamjeon | noun participation in a war, entering a war |
| 파병pabyeong | noun dispatch of troops, deployment abroad |
| 주둔judun | noun stationing (of troops) |
| 철수cheolsu | noun withdrawal, pullout, evacuation |
| 테러tereo | noun terrorism, terror attack |
| 망명mangmyeong | noun asylum, political exile, defection |
| 시민권simingwon | noun citizenship; civil rights |
| 영주권yeongjugwon | noun permanent residency, green card |
| 국제법gukjebeop | noun international law |
| 원조wonjo | noun aid, assistance |
| 구호guho | noun relief, relief aid |
| 인도적indojeok | determiner humanitarian, humane |
| 인도주의indojuui | noun humanitarianism |
| 세계화segyehwa | noun globalization |
| 연구진yeongujin | noun research team, researchers |
| 학술지haksulji | noun academic journal |
| 초록chorok | noun abstract (of a paper), summary |
| 정설jeongseol | noun established theory, accepted view |
| 검증geomjeung | noun verification, validation |
| 실증siljeung | noun empirical proof, demonstration by evidence |
| 표본pyobon | noun sample (statistics); specimen; model example |
| 상관관계sanggwangwangye | noun correlation |
| 통계적tonggyejeok | determiner statistical |
| 유의미하다yuuimihada | adjective meaningful, significant (statistically) |
| 도출하다dochulhada | verb to derive, to draw (a conclusion), to reach (an agreement) |
| 규명하다gyumyeonghada | verb to investigate and clarify, to get to the bottom of |
| 밝혀내다balkyeonaeda | verb to find out, to uncover, to reveal |
| 오차ocha | noun margin of error, error (in measurement) |
| 정밀하다jeongmilhada | adjective precise, detailed, minute |
| 방법론bangbeomnon | noun methodology |
| 임상imsang | noun clinical (practice); clinical trials |
| 인문학inmunhak | noun the humanities |
| 유전적yujeonjeok | determiner genetic, hereditary |
| 미생물misaengmul | noun microorganism, microbe |
| 항체hangche | noun antibody |
| 진화론jinhwaron | noun theory of evolution |
| 돌연변이doryeonbyeoni | noun mutation; mutant |
| 변이byeoni | noun variation; variant (of a virus) |
| 종jong | noun species; kind, type |
| 입자ipja | noun particle, grain |
| 원소wonso | noun (chemical) element |
| 화합물hwahammul | noun (chemical) compound |
| 촉매chongmae | noun catalyst |
| 산화sanhwa | noun oxidation |
| 증발jeungbal | noun evaporation; (informal) vanishing |
| 팽창paengchang | noun expansion, swelling; inflation (of currency) |
| 수축suchuk | noun contraction, shrinking |
| 밀도mildo | noun density |
| 질량jillyang | noun mass (physics) |
| 부피bupi | noun volume, bulk |
| 마찰machal | noun friction; conflict, discord |
| 관성gwanseong | noun inertia |
| 전파jeonpa | noun radio wave, electromagnetic wave |
| 파장pajang | noun wavelength; repercussions, ripple effect |
| 주파수jupasu | noun frequency (radio, sound) |
| 방사선bangsaseon | noun radiation, radioactive rays |
| 천체cheonche | noun celestial body, heavenly body |
| 은하eunha | noun galaxy; the Milky Way |
| 공전gongjeon | noun revolution, orbit (around another body) |
| 자전jajeon | noun rotation (on an axis) |
| 화석hwaseok | noun fossil |
| 환경친화적hwangyeongchinhwajeok | determiner eco-friendly, environmentally friendly |
| 탄소tanso | noun carbon |
| 오염원oyeomwon | noun source of pollution, pollutant source |
| 독성dokseong | noun toxicity, poisonousness |
| 중금속junggeumsok | noun heavy metal (chemistry) |
| 매립지maeripji | noun landfill; reclaimed land |
| 소각장sogakjang | noun incinerator, incineration plant |
| 고갈되다gogaldoeda | verb to be depleted, to run dry, to be exhausted |
| 남획namhoek | noun overfishing, overhunting, reckless catching |
| 벌목beolmok | noun logging, tree felling |
| 황폐화hwangpyehwa | noun devastation, desolation, becoming a wasteland |
| 습지seupji | noun wetland, marsh |
| 갯벌gaetbeol | noun tidal flat, mudflat |
| 산성비sanseongbi | noun acid rain |
| 녹조nokjo | noun green algae; algal bloom |
| 혹한hokhan | noun severe cold, bitter cold |
| 해일haeil | noun tidal wave, tsunami, storm surge |
| 이재민ijaemin | noun disaster victim, displaced person |
| 에너지원eneojiwon | noun energy source |
| 원전wonjeon | noun nuclear power plant |
| 핵폐기물haekpyegimul | noun nuclear waste |
| 발전소baljeonso | noun power plant, power station |
| 발전baljeon | noun power generation, generating electricity |
| 전력난jeollyeongnan | noun power shortage, electricity crisis |
| 정전jeongjeon | noun power outage, blackout |
| 송전songjeon | noun power transmission |
| 보전하다bojeonhada | verb to preserve, to conserve |
| 제조업jejoeop | noun manufacturing (industry) |
| 서비스업seobiseueop | noun service industry, service sector |
| 물류mullyu | noun logistics, distribution of goods |
| 국산화guksanhwa | noun localization of production, domestic production (replacing imports) |
| 표준화pyojunhwa | noun standardization |
| 규격gyugyeok | noun standard, specification, size spec |
| 설비seolbi | noun equipment, facilities, installations |
| 소재sojae | noun material, raw material; subject matter |
| 원자재wonjajae | noun raw materials |
| 완제품wanjepum | noun finished product, end product |
| 가공gagong | noun processing (of materials or food) |
| 납품nappum | noun delivery of goods (to a client), supply |
| 공급망gonggeummang | noun supply chain |
| 하청hacheong | noun subcontract, subcontracting |
| 외주oeju | noun outsourcing |
| 디지털화dijiteolhwa | noun digitization, digitalization |
| 통신망tongsinmang | noun communications network, telecom network |
| 암호화amhohwa | noun encryption |
| 인증injeung | noun certification, authentication, verification |
| 무인화muinhwa | noun automation (removing human staff), going unmanned |
| 신소재sinsojae | noun new material, advanced material |
| 판로pallo | noun market, sales channel, outlet |
| 유통망yutongmang | noun distribution network |
| 선도하다seondohada | verb to lead, to spearhead, to take the lead in |
| 주도judo | noun leadership, initiative, leading role |
| 저소득층jeosodeukcheung | noun low-income group, low-income households |
| 중산층jungsancheung | noun middle class |
| 서민seomin | noun ordinary people, common folk, working class |
| 빈곤층bingoncheung | noun the poor, poverty-stricken class |
| 노숙인nosugin | noun homeless person |
| 독거노인dokgeonoin | noun senior living alone, elderly person living alone |
| 고독사godoksa | noun dying alone (unnoticed), lonely death |
| 성평등seongpyeongdeung | noun gender equality |
| 성희롱seonghuirong | noun sexual harassment |
| 학대hakdae | noun abuse, mistreatment |
| 방임bangim | noun neglect; laissez-faire, leaving alone |
| 갑질gapjil | noun abuse of power over subordinates, high-handed treatment by someone in a superior position |
| 역차별yeokchabyeol | noun reverse discrimination |
| 소수자sosuja | noun minority (person or group) |
| 약자yakja | noun the weak, the vulnerable, underdog |
| 기득권gideukgwon | noun vested interests, established privileges; the establishment |
| 특권teukgwon | noun privilege, special right |
| 특혜teukhye | noun special favor, preferential treatment |
| 불공정bulgongjeong | noun unfairness, injustice |
| 기회균등gihoegyundeung | noun equal opportunity |
| 형평성hyeongpyeongseong | noun fairness, equity |
| 노사nosa | noun labor and management |
| 구인난guinnan | noun labor shortage, difficulty finding workers |
| 주택난jutaengnan | noun housing shortage |
| 재개발jaegaebal | noun redevelopment |
| 재건축jaegeonchuk | noun reconstruction, rebuilding (of buildings) |
| 과밀gwamil | noun overcrowding, excessive density |
| 수도권sudogwon | noun the capital region, Seoul metropolitan area |
| 귀농gwinong | noun returning to farming, moving from the city to farm |
| 범죄율beomjoeyul | noun crime rate |
| 황금만능주의hwanggeummanneungjuui | noun the belief that money is all-powerful, mammonism, materialism |
| 학연hagyeon | noun school ties, alumni connections |
| 혈연hyeoryeon | noun blood ties, kinship |
| 연줄yeonjul | noun connections, strings (to pull), pull |
| 낙하산nakhasan | noun parachute appointment, someone placed in a job through connections; parachute |
| 청탁cheongtak | noun (improper) request for a favor, solicitation |
| 공중도덕gongjungdodeok | noun public etiquette, public morality |
| 비영리biyeongni | noun nonprofit, not-for-profit |
| 연대감yeondaegam | noun sense of solidarity, feeling of togetherness |
| 공존gongjon | noun coexistence |
| 포용poyong | noun inclusion, embracing, tolerance |
| 관용gwanyong | noun tolerance, generosity, leniency |
| 교육과정gyoyukgwajeong | noun curriculum |
| 내신naesin | noun school grade record (high school GPA used in college admissions) |
| 논술nonsul | noun essay writing; essay test |
| 교과목gyogwamok | noun school subject |
| 이수하다isuhada | verb to complete (a course or credits) |
| 퇴학toehak | noun expulsion from school; dropping out |
| 스승seuseung | noun teacher, mentor (respectful) |
| 제자jeja | noun student, disciple, pupil |
| 은사eunsa | noun one's (respected) former teacher |
| 낙제nakje | noun failing (an exam or course), flunking |
| 학자금hakjageum | noun school expenses, education funds |
| 석학seokhak | noun eminent scholar, great scholar |
| 권위자gwonwija | noun authority, leading expert |
| 전문성jeonmunseong | noun expertise, professionalism |
| 식견sikgyeon | noun insight, discernment, informed judgment |
| 학식haksik | noun learning, scholarship, erudition |
| 지식인jisigin | noun intellectual, educated person |
| 문맹munmaeng | noun illiteracy; illiterate person |
| 어휘력eohwiryeok | noun command of vocabulary, vocabulary skills |
| 학구열hakguyeol | noun zeal for learning, academic passion |
| 비대면bidaemyeon | noun non-face-to-face, contactless, remote |
| 대면daemyeon | noun face-to-face (meeting), in person |
| 강연gangyeon | noun lecture, talk (public) |
| 창작물changjangmul | noun creative work, creation |
| 감흥gamheung | noun emotional impact, inspiration, thrill |
| 여운yeoun | noun lingering feeling, afterglow, aftertaste |
| 미적mijeok | determiner aesthetic |
| 구도gudo | noun composition (of a picture); structure, framework (of a situation) |
| 색채saekchae | noun color(s), coloring; tone, character |
| 화풍hwapung | noun painting style |
| 양식yangsik | noun style, mode; form, format |
| 사조sajo | noun trend of thought, (intellectual or artistic) movement |
| 조형물johyeongmul | noun sculpture, art structure, installation |
| 소장품sojangpum | noun collection item, holdings (of a museum or collector) |
| 위작wijak | noun forgery, fake (artwork or writing) |
| 골동품goldongpum | noun antique, curio |
| 문인munin | noun writer, literary figure, man of letters |
| 산문sanmun | noun prose |
| 운문unmun | noun verse |
| 서사seosa | noun narrative, story; narration |
| 묘사myosa | noun description, depiction, portrayal |
| 문체munche | noun writing style, style |
| 화자hwaja | noun speaker; narrator |
| 복선bokseon | noun foreshadowing |
| 은유eunyu | noun metaphor |
| 비유biyu | noun comparison, figure of speech, analogy |
| 상징적sangjingjeok | determiner symbolic, emblematic |
| 풍자pungja | noun satire; lampooning |
| 해학haehak | noun humor, wit (warm and good-natured) |
| 반어baneo | noun irony (verbal), saying the opposite of what you mean |
| 독창적dokchangjeok | determiner original, creative, inventive |
| 안무anmu | noun choreography |
| 연출yeonchul | noun directing, production (of a play, film or show); staging |
| 각본gakbon | noun screenplay, script; (figurative) a set plan |
| 각색gaksaek | noun adaptation (of a story for stage or screen) |
| 흥행작heunghaengjak | noun box-office hit, commercial success |
| 호평hopyeong | noun favorable review, good reviews, praise |
| 혹평hokpyeong | noun harsh criticism, scathing review |
| 찬사chansa | noun praise, compliment, tribute |
| 극찬geukchan | noun rave review, highest praise |
| 화음hwaeum | noun harmony, chord (music) |
| 문화권munhwagwon | noun cultural sphere, culture area |
| 투약tuyak | noun administration of medicine, dosing |
| 내성naeseong | noun tolerance, resistance (to a drug) |
| 접종jeopjong | noun vaccination, inoculation |
| 치료제chiryoje | noun remedy, cure, therapeutic drug |
| 신약sinyak | noun new drug, newly developed medicine |
| 약효yakhyo | noun effect of a medicine, efficacy |
| 효능hyoneung | noun efficacy, effectiveness, benefit |
| 처치cheochi | noun treatment, (medical) care; handling |
| 합병증hapbyeongjeung | noun complication (of a disease) |
| 후유증huyujeung | noun aftereffect, sequela; lingering effects |
| 발병balbyeong | noun onset of a disease, outbreak |
| 감염병gamyeombyeong | noun infectious disease |
| 확진hwakjin | noun confirmed diagnosis, testing positive |
| 검역geomyeok | noun quarantine inspection (at borders) |
| 악성akseong | noun malignancy; malignant, vicious (often used before a noun) |
| 양성yangseong | noun benignity; benign (tumor) |
| 전이jeoni | noun metastasis, spread (of cancer); transfer |
| 항암제hangamje | noun anticancer drug, chemotherapy drug |
| 장기janggi | noun (internal) organ |
| 이식isik | noun transplant (organ); transplanting (plants) |
| 예후yehu | noun prognosis, outlook |
| 투병tubyeong | noun fighting an illness, battling disease |
| 보건bogeon | noun health, public health, health care |
| 도모하다domohada | verb to promote, to seek, to work toward (a goal) |
| 초래하다choraehada | verb to bring about, to cause, to result in (usually something bad) |
| 간주하다ganjuhada | verb to regard as, to consider, to deem |
| 야기하다yagihada | verb to cause, to give rise to, to provoke |
| 수반하다subanhada | verb to accompany, to entail, to involve |
| 동반하다dongbanhada | verb to accompany, to go together with; to be accompanied by |
| 내포하다naepohada | verb to contain, to imply, to connote |
| 함축하다hamchukada | verb to imply, to connote, to pack meaning into |
| 부각하다bugakada | verb to highlight, to bring into relief, to emphasize |
| 대두되다daedudoeda | verb to emerge, to come to the fore, to arise (as an issue) |
| 피력하다piryeokada | verb to express, to state (one's opinion) openly |
| 역설하다yeokseolhada | verb to emphasize strongly, to stress, to insist |
| 표방하다pyobanghada | verb to advocate, to profess, to stand for (as a banner) |
| 강구하다ganguhada | verb to devise, to work out (measures), to seek |
| 확립하다hwangnipada | verb to establish (firmly), to set up |
| 정립하다jeongnipada | verb to establish, to define clearly (a concept or theory) |
| 구현하다guhyeonhada | verb to realize, to embody, to implement |
| 성취하다seongchwihada | verb to achieve, to accomplish, to attain |
| 이룩하다irukada | verb to achieve, to accomplish (something great) |
| 일구다ilguda | verb to cultivate (land), to till; to build up (through hard work) |
| 직면하다jingmyeonhada | verb to face, to confront, to be faced with |
| 당면하다dangmyeonhada | verb to face (a current problem), to be confronted with |
| 봉착하다bongchakada | verb to run into, to hit (a difficulty), to come up against |
| 감내하다gamnaehada | verb to endure, to bear, to put up with (hardship) |
| 타개하다tagaehada | verb to break through, to overcome (a deadlock or crisis) |
| 완화하다wanhwahada | verb to ease, to relax, to relieve, to loosen |
| 경감하다gyeonggamhada | verb to reduce, to lighten, to alleviate (a burden) |
| 확충하다hwakchunghada | verb to expand, to enlarge and reinforce (facilities, resources) |
| 증대하다jeungdaehada | verb to increase, to enlarge, to boost |
| 활성화하다hwalseonghwahada | verb to revitalize, to boost, to activate |
| 가속화되다gasokhwadoeda | verb to accelerate, to speed up |
| 심화되다simhwadoeda | verb to deepen, to intensify, to worsen |
| 둔화되다dunhwadoeda | verb to slow down, to become sluggish |
| 위축되다wichukdoeda | verb to shrink, to contract; to be intimidated, to feel small |
| 침체되다chimchedoeda | verb to stagnate, to be in a slump |
| 정체되다jeongchedoeda | verb to be stagnant, to stall; to be congested (traffic) |
| 퇴보하다toebohada | verb to regress, to go backward, to decline |
| 진전되다jinjeondoeda | verb to progress, to make headway, to develop |
| 진척되다jincheokdoeda | verb to progress, to move forward (of work or a project) |
| 전개하다jeongaehada | verb to develop, to unfold, to lay out (a story, argument); to deploy |
| 시행하다sihaenghada | verb to put into effect, to enforce (a law, policy); to carry out |
| 집행하다jiphaenghada | verb to execute, to carry out (a sentence, budget, law) |
| 이행하다ihaenghada | verb to fulfill, to carry out (a promise, duty, contract) |
| 착수하다chaksuhada | verb to start, to embark on, to get down to (work) |
| 돌입하다doripada | verb to rush into, to enter (a phase such as a strike or campaign) |
| 개시하다gaesihada | verb to begin, to commence, to launch |
| 재개하다jaegaehada | verb to resume, to reopen |
| 중지하다jungjihada | verb to stop, to suspend, to halt |
| 보류하다boryuhada | verb to put on hold, to defer, to shelve |
| 유보하다yubohada | verb to reserve, to withhold (judgment, a decision) |
| 철회하다cheolhoehada | verb to withdraw, to retract, to revoke |
| 번복하다beonbokada | verb to reverse, to overturn, to go back on (a decision, statement) |
| 무산되다musandoeda | verb to fall through, to come to nothing |
| 좌절되다jwajeoldoeda | verb to be thwarted, to be frustrated (plans, hopes) |
| 결렬되다gyeollyeoldoeda | verb to break down, to collapse (talks, negotiations) |
| 타결되다tagyeoldoeda | verb to be settled, to reach an agreement |
| 성사되다seongsadoeda | verb to come off, to go through, to be accomplished (a deal) |
| 비준하다bijunhada | verb to ratify |
| 인가하다ingahada | verb to authorize, to approve, to license (officially) |
| 불허하다bulheohada | verb to disallow, to refuse permission |
| 규제하다gyujehada | verb to regulate, to restrict |
| 저지하다jeojihada | verb to stop, to block, to prevent |
| 조치하다jochihada | verb to take measures, to take action |
| 수습하다suseupada | verb to bring under control, to handle (a situation); to recover (remains) |
| 심의하다simuihada | verb to deliberate, to review (a bill, application) |
| 심사하다simsahada | verb to examine, to judge, to screen |
| 판명되다panmyeongdoeda | verb to be proven, to turn out (to be) |
| 판별하다panbyeolhada | verb to distinguish, to discern, to tell apart |
| 식별하다sikbyeolhada | verb to identify, to make out, to distinguish |
| 명시하다myeongsihada | verb to state clearly, to specify |
| 기재하다gijaehada | verb to write down, to fill in, to record (on a form or document) |
| 기술하다gisulhada | verb to describe (in writing), to give an account of |
| 서술하다seosulhada | verb to describe, to narrate, to give an account |
| 진술하다jinsulhada | verb to state, to testify, to give a statement |
| 언급하다eongeupada | verb to mention, to refer to |
| 거론하다georonhada | verb to bring up, to raise (for discussion) |
| 지목하다jimokada | verb to point to, to single out, to name (as a suspect or cause) |
| 규탄하다gyutanhada | verb to denounce, to condemn |
| 반박하다banbakada | verb to refute, to rebut |
| 반론하다ballonhada | verb to argue against, to counter |
| 이의를 제기하다iuireul jegihada | expression to raise an objection, to object, to challenge |
| 권고하다gwongohada | verb to recommend, to advise (officially) |
| 장려하다jangnyeohada | verb to encourage, to promote |
| 독려하다dongnyeohada | verb to urge on, to spur, to encourage |
| 고무하다gomuhada | verb to inspire, to hearten, to boost (morale) |
| 조장하다jojanghada | verb to encourage (something bad), to foster, to fuel |
| 선동하다seondonghada | verb to incite, to stir up, to agitate |
| 견인하다gyeoninhada | verb to tow; to drive, to lead (growth) |
| 주관하다jugwanhada | verb to organize, to run, to be in charge of (an event) |
| 소집하다sojipada | verb to call, to convene, to summon |
| 출범하다chulbeomhada | verb to launch, to be inaugurated (a government, organization) |
| 발족하다baljokada | verb to be launched, to be founded (a committee, group) |
| 창설하다changseolhada | verb to found, to establish |
| 신설하다sinseolhada | verb to newly establish, to create (a department, route) |
| 폐지되다pyejidoeda | verb to be abolished, to be repealed |
| 폐쇄하다pyeswaehada | verb to close, to shut down |
| 해체하다haechehada | verb to dismantle, to take apart; to disband |
| 통폐합하다tongpyehapada | verb to consolidate, to merge and close (organizations) |
| 병합하다byeonghapada | verb to merge, to annex |
| 편입되다pyeonipdoeda | verb to be incorporated, to be transferred (into) |
| 귀속되다gwisokdoeda | verb to belong to, to revert to (property, rights) |
| 종속되다jongsokdoeda | verb to be subordinate to, to be dependent on |
| 의거하다uigeohada | verb to be based on, to act in accordance with |
| 입각하다ipgakada | verb to be based on, to stand on (a principle, facts) |
| 기인하다giinhada | verb to be caused by, to stem from |
| 비롯되다birotdoeda | verb to originate, to stem from, to begin with |
| 유래하다yuraehada | verb to originate, to derive (from) |
| 파생되다pasaengdoeda | verb to be derived, to arise (from) |
| 연유하다yeonyuhada | verb to originate from, to be due to |
| 상응하다sangeunghada | verb to correspond to, to be commensurate with |
| 부합하다buhapada | verb to accord with, to match, to be consistent with |
| 합치하다hapchihada | verb to agree, to coincide, to be in accord |
| 상충하다sangchunghada | verb to conflict, to clash |
| 상반되다sangbandoeda | verb to be contrary, to be opposite |
| 배치되다baechidoeda | verb to run counter to, to contradict |
| 모순되다mosundoeda | verb to be contradictory, to be inconsistent |
| 대비되다daebidoeda | verb to be contrasted, to stand in contrast |
| 견주다gyeonjuda | verb to compare, to measure against; to rival |
| 비견되다bigyeondoeda | verb to be compared to, to be on a par with, to rank alongside |
| 필적하다piljeokada | verb to match, to equal, to be a match for |
| 능가하다neunggahada | verb to surpass, to exceed, to outdo |
| 압도하다apdohada | verb to overwhelm, to overpower, to dominate |
| 웃돌다utdolda | verb to exceed, to be above (a figure or level) |
| 밑돌다mitdolda | verb to fall below, to be under (a figure or level) |
| 육박하다yukbakada | verb to approach, to come close to (a number); to close in on |
| 급증하다geupjeunghada | verb to increase sharply, to surge |
| 급감하다geupgamhada | verb to decrease sharply, to plummet |
| 급등하다geupdeunghada | verb to soar, to jump sharply (prices, rates) |
| 급락하다geumnakada | verb to plunge, to drop sharply (prices, rates) |
| 폭등하다pokdeunghada | verb to skyrocket, to soar dramatically |
| 폭락하다pongnakada | verb to crash, to collapse (prices) |
| 치솟다chisotda | verb to shoot up, to soar, to rise sharply |
| 곤두박질치다gondubakjilchida | verb to nosedive, to plummet; to fall headfirst |
| 반등하다bandeunghada | verb to rebound, to bounce back (prices, figures) |
| 누적되다nujeokdoeda | verb to accumulate, to pile up |
| 산재하다sanjaehada | verb to be scattered, to be dotted about |
| 분포하다bunpohada | verb to be distributed, to be spread (over an area) |
| 밀집하다miljipada | verb to be crowded together, to be densely packed |
| 편중되다pyeonjungdoeda | verb to be skewed, to be concentrated on one side, to be lopsided |
| 분산하다bunsanhada | verb to disperse, to spread out, to diversify |
| 분배하다bunbaehada | verb to distribute, to divide up, to share out |
| 배분하다baebunhada | verb to allocate, to apportion |
| 할당하다haldanghada | verb to assign, to allot, to allocate (a share or quota) |
| 배정하다baejeonghada | verb to assign, to allot (a place, room, budget) |
| 접목하다jeommokada | verb to combine, to blend (two fields or ideas); to graft (a plant) |
| 결합되다gyeolhapdoeda | verb to be combined, to be joined, to be united |
| 융합하다yunghapada | verb to fuse, to merge, to converge |
| 통합되다tonghapdoeda | verb to be integrated, to be merged, to be unified |
| 연계하다yeongyehada | verb to link, to connect, to coordinate with |
| 연동되다yeondongdoeda | verb to be linked, to move in tandem, to sync |
| 결부되다gyeolbudoeda | verb to be linked to, to be bound up with |
| 직결되다jikgyeoldoeda | verb to be directly linked, to lead directly to |
| 관여하다gwanyeohada | verb to be involved in, to take part in, to have a hand in |
| 간여하다ganyeohada | verb to meddle in, to interfere in, to be involved in |
| 가담하다gadamhada | verb to take part in, to join (usually something wrong) |
| 연루되다yeolludoeda | verb to be implicated, to be involved (in a scandal or crime) |
| 누락되다nurakdoeda | verb to be left out, to be omitted, to be missing |
| 간과하다gangwahada | verb to overlook, to miss, to fail to notice |
| 묵과하다mukgwahada | verb to let pass in silence, to tolerate, to turn a blind eye to |
| 묵인하다muginhada | verb to tacitly approve, to condone, to connive at |
| 방관하다banggwanhada | verb to stand by and watch, to look on without acting |
| 도외시하다dooesihada | verb to disregard, to ignore, to leave out of consideration |
| 경시하다gyeongsihada | verb to belittle, to make light of, to underestimate |
| 등한시하다deunghansihada | verb to neglect, to be careless about |
| 중요시하다jungyosihada | verb to consider important, to value, to emphasize |
| 우선시하다useonsihada | verb to prioritize, to put first |
| 문제시하다munjesihada | verb to regard as a problem, to call into question |
| 당연시하다dangyeonsihada | verb to take for granted, to regard as natural |
| 신성시하다sinseongsihada | verb to hold sacred, to regard as holy |
| 적대시하다jeokdaesihada | verb to regard as an enemy, to be hostile toward |
| 동일시하다dongilsihada | verb to identify with, to equate, to regard as the same |
| 여겨지다yeogyeojida | verb to be regarded, to be considered, to be seen as |
| 치부하다chibuhada | verb to regard (as), to write off as, to dismiss as |
| 평가절하하다pyeonggajeolhahada | verb to undervalue, to downplay; to devalue (a currency) |
| 과소평가하다gwasopyeonggahada | verb to underestimate, to underrate |
| 과대평가하다gwadaepyeonggahada | verb to overestimate, to overrate |
| 재평가하다jaepyeonggahada | verb to reevaluate, to reassess |
| 재조명하다jaejomyeonghada | verb to shed new light on, to revisit, to reexamine |
| 조명하다jomyeonghada | verb to illuminate, to shed light on, to spotlight (a topic) |
| 재구성하다jaeguseonghada | verb to reconstruct, to reorganize, to rearrange |
| 재편되다jaepyeondoeda | verb to be reorganized, to be restructured, to be realigned |
| 재정비하다jaejeongbihada | verb to reorganize, to overhaul, to regroup |
| 보강하다boganghada | verb to reinforce, to strengthen, to supplement |
| 충당하다chungdanghada | verb to cover (costs), to meet, to fund |
| 부응하다bueunghada | verb to meet, to live up to, to respond to (expectations, needs) |
| 호응하다hoeunghada | verb to respond (favorably), to echo, to go along with |
| 수렴하다suryeomhada | verb to gather (opinions), to collect; to converge |
| 받아들여지다badadeuryeojida | verb to be accepted, to be received |
| 용인하다yonginhada | verb to tolerate, to accept, to allow |
| 묵살하다muksalhada | verb to ignore, to brush aside, to disregard (opinions, requests) |
| 일축하다ilchukada | verb to dismiss, to reject out of hand, to brush off |
| 부인하다buinhada | verb to deny, to disavow |
| 부정하다bujeonghada | verb to deny, to negate, to reject |
| 시인하다siinhada | verb to admit, to acknowledge (a fault or fact) |
| 자인하다jainhada | verb to admit oneself, to confess, to own up to |
| 토로하다torohada | verb to pour out (one's feelings), to voice, to vent |
| 표출하다pyochulhada | verb to express, to vent, to show outwardly |
| 발현되다balhyeondoeda | verb to be manifested, to appear, to be expressed (genes, abilities) |
| 은폐하다eunpyehada | verb to cover up, to conceal |
| 미화하다mihwahada | verb to glorify, to romanticize; to beautify |
| 왜곡하다waegokada | verb to distort, to twist, to misrepresent |
| 날조하다naljohada | verb to fabricate, to make up (false facts) |
| 조작하다jojakada | verb to manipulate, to rig; to operate (a machine) |
| 위장하다wijanghada | verb to disguise, to camouflage, to pose as |
| 가장하다gajanghada | verb to pretend, to feign, to disguise as |
| 답습하다dapseupada | verb to follow (old ways) blindly, to repeat (past practice) |
| 전수하다jeonsuhada | verb to pass down, to hand down (skills, know-how) |
| 전승되다jeonseungdoeda | verb to be handed down, to be passed on (traditions) |
| 존속하다jonsokada | verb to continue to exist, to survive, to remain in place |
| 잔존하다janjonhada | verb to remain, to linger, to survive (as a remnant) |
| 소멸하다somyeolhada | verb to die out, to disappear, to expire |
| 쇠퇴하다soetoehada | verb to decline, to wane, to decay |
| 몰락하다mollakada | verb to fall, to collapse, to be ruined |
| 붕괴되다bunggoedoeda | verb to collapse, to crumble, to break down |
| 와해되다wahaedoeda | verb to fall apart, to disintegrate, to break up |
| 동요하다dongyohada | verb to be shaken, to waver, to be unsettled |
| 격화되다gyeokwadoeda | verb to intensify, to escalate |
| 고조되다gojodoeda | verb to rise, to heighten, to build up (tension, mood) |
| 과열되다gwayeoldoeda | verb to overheat, to get overheated |
| 수그러들다sugeureodeulda | verb to subside, to die down, to abate |
| 잦아들다jajadeulda | verb to die down, to subside, to fade away |
| 누그러지다nugeureojida | verb to soften, to ease, to calm down |
| 진화하다jinhwahada | verb to evolve, to advance, to develop |
| 변모하다byeonmohada | verb to transform, to change in appearance |
| 탈바꿈하다talbakkumhada | verb to transform completely, to undergo a makeover; to metamorphose |
| 변질되다byeonjildoeda | verb to go bad, to spoil; to be corrupted, to lose its original character |
| 퇴색하다toesaekada | verb to fade; to lose its meaning or luster |
| 변천하다byeoncheonhada | verb to change over time, to undergo transition |
| 전락하다jeollakada | verb to fall (into a worse state), to degenerate, to be reduced to |
| 부상하다busanghada | verb to emerge, to rise (to prominence); to surface |
| 급부상하다geupbusanghada | verb to rise rapidly, to shoot to prominence |
| 자리매김하다jarimaegimhada | verb to establish oneself, to secure a position |
| 뿌리내리다ppurinaerida | verb to take root, to become established |
| 만연하다manyeonhada | verb to be widespread, to be rampant, to spread |
| 팽배하다paengbaehada | verb to be pervasive, to be rife (attitudes, feelings) |
| 횡행하다hoenghaenghada | verb to run rampant, to be rife (wrongdoing) |
| 기승을 부리다giseungeul burida | expression to rage, to be at its worst, to run rampant |
| 가늠하다ganeumhada | verb to estimate, to gauge, to guess |
| 간파하다ganpahada | verb to see through, to detect, to read (someone's intentions) |
| 꿰뚫다kkwettulta | verb to pierce; to see through, to have a deep grasp of |
| 간추리다ganchurida | verb to summarize, to condense, to sort out the essentials |
| 추리다churida | verb to pick out, to sort out, to select |
| 아우르다aureuda | verb to bring together, to embrace, to encompass |
| 망라하다mangnahada | verb to cover comprehensively, to include all |
| 포괄하다pogwalhada | verb to encompass, to include, to cover broadly |
| 총괄하다chonggwalhada | verb to oversee, to be in overall charge of |
| 일컫다ilkeotda | verb to call, to refer to as, to name |
| 지칭하다jichinghada | verb to refer to, to designate, to call |
| 명명하다myeongmyeonghada | verb to name, to christen |
| 칭하다chinghada | verb to call, to name, to refer to as |
| 대변하다daebyeonhada | verb to speak for, to represent; to reflect, to typify |
| 맞바꾸다matbakkuda | verb to exchange, to trade (one for another) |
| 뒤바꾸다dwibakkuda | verb to reverse, to switch around, to turn upside down |
| 뒤엎다dwieopda | verb to overturn, to upset; to overthrow |
| 뒤처지다dwicheojida | verb to fall behind, to lag behind |
| 앞지르다apjireuda | verb to overtake, to outrun, to get ahead of |
| 앞당기다apdanggida | verb to move up, to bring forward (a date); to hasten |
| 거듭하다geodeupada | verb to repeat, to do over and over |
| 일삼다ilsamda | verb to make a habit of (doing something bad), to keep doing |
| 도맡다domatda | verb to take on entirely, to be solely responsible for |
| 떠안다tteoanda | verb to take on (a burden), to be saddled with |
| 보답하다bodapada | verb to repay (kindness), to return a favor |
| 만끽하다mankkikada | verb to enjoy to the fullest, to savor |
| 향유하다hyangyuhada | verb to enjoy (rights, benefits, culture) |
| 도약하다doyakada | verb to leap, to jump; to take a leap forward |
| 비약하다biyakada | verb to make a leap (in progress); to jump (in logic) |
| 거듭나다geodeumnada | verb to be reborn, to be transformed, to become anew |
| 무르익다mureuikda | verb to ripen fully; to mature, to reach its peak |
| 굳히다guchida | verb to harden, to set; to solidify, to firm up (a decision, position) |
| 굳어지다gudeojida | verb to become hard, to stiffen; to become fixed, to become entrenched |
| 가다듬다gadadeumda | verb to compose (oneself), to collect; to tidy up, to refine |
| 추스르다chuseureuda | verb to pull (oneself) together, to recover; to hitch up (clothes, a load) |
| 매듭짓다maedeupjitda | verb to conclude, to wrap up, to settle |
| 일단락되다ildannakdoeda | verb to be settled (for now), to come to a temporary close, to wrap up a stage |
| 도사리다dosarida | verb to lurk, to lie in wait (of danger); to coil up, to crouch; to sit cross-legged |
| 웅크리다ungkeurida | verb to crouch, to huddle, to curl up |
| 움츠리다umcheurida | verb to shrink back, to hunch up, to flinch; to be cowed |
| 기피하다gipihada | verb to avoid, to shun, to evade (a duty) |
| 회피하다hoepihada | verb to evade, to dodge, to avoid (responsibility, a question) |
| 모면하다momyeonhada | verb to escape, to get out of (a bad situation), to narrowly avoid |
| 면하다myeonhada | verb to escape, to avoid, to be spared (from); to be relieved of |
| 탈피하다talpihada | verb to break away from, to shake off (old ways); to molt |
| 이탈하다italhada | verb to leave, to break away from, to deviate (from a route or group) |
| 일탈하다iltalhada | verb to deviate (from norms), to go astray, to stray |
| 엇갈리다eotgallida | verb to differ, to be divided (of opinions); to cross paths, to miss each other |
| 그르치다geureuchida | verb to spoil, to ruin, to botch |
| 범하다beomhada | verb to commit (a crime, an error); to violate |
| 불러일으키다bulleoireukida | verb to arouse, to evoke, to stir up, to cause |
| 자아내다jaanaeda | verb to evoke, to draw out (feelings like laughter or tears); to spin (thread) |
| 빚다bitda | verb to cause, to bring about (trouble, confusion); to shape, to make (dumplings, pottery) |
| 빚어지다bijeojida | verb to be caused, to arise, to result |
| 불거지다bulgeojida | verb to come to the surface, to emerge (of problems or suspicions); to bulge out |
| 치닫다chidatda | verb to rush (toward), to escalate, to head toward (an extreme) |
| 몰아붙이다morabuchida | verb to press hard, to push (someone) into a corner; to accuse, to brand (as) |
| 몰아세우다moraseuda | verb to corner, to berate, to accuse harshly |
| 다그치다dageuchida | verb to press, to push (someone to hurry or answer); to grill |
| 추궁하다chugunghada | verb to question closely, to grill, to press (for an explanation or accountability) |
| 꼬집다kkojipda | verb to point out sharply, to criticize pointedly; to pinch |
| 비꼬다bikkoda | verb to be sarcastic, to make snide remarks; to twist (rope) |
| 헐뜯다heoltteutda | verb to speak ill of, to slander, to badmouth |
| 깎아내리다kkakkanaerida | verb to belittle, to disparage, to run down |
| 치켜세우다chikyeoseuda | verb to praise highly, to flatter, to praise to the skies; to raise up |
| 추켜세우다chukyeoseuda | verb to praise highly, to extol; to raise up (straight) |
| 떠받들다tteobatdeulda | verb to revere, to look up to; to hold up, to support; to pamper |
| 우러러보다ureoreoboda | verb to look up to, to admire; to look up (at) |
| 얕보다yatboda | verb to look down on, to underestimate, to make light of |
| 업신여기다eopsinnyeogida | verb to look down on, to despise, to treat with contempt |
| 깔보다kkalboda | verb to look down on, to belittle |
| 얕잡다yatjapda | verb to look down on, to underestimate (usually as 얕잡아 보다) |
| 넘보다neomboda | verb to have one's eye on, to covet, to aim for (something beyond reach); to look down on |
| 엿보다yeotboda | verb to peek, to peep; to watch for (a chance); to get a glimpse of |
| 겨냥하다gyeonyanghada | verb to aim (at), to target |
| 겨누다gyeonuda | verb to aim (a weapon) at, to point at |
| 꾀하다kkoehada | verb to seek, to pursue, to attempt (change, growth); to plot |
| 궁리하다gungnihada | verb to think hard about, to mull over, to figure out |
| 고안하다goanhada | verb to devise, to invent, to design |
| 창안하다changanhada | verb to originate, to create (a new idea or method), to invent |
| 착안하다chaganhada | verb to get an idea from, to take a cue from, to hit upon |
| 입안하다ibanhada | verb to draft, to draw up (a plan, policy, or bill) |
| 구비하다gubihada | verb to have (all that is needed), to be equipped with, to provide |
| 비치하다bichihada | verb to keep (on hand), to place, to provide (for use) |
| 갖추어지다gatchueojida | verb to be equipped, to be in place, to be ready |
| 얹다eonda | verb to put on (top of), to place on; to add on |
| 포개다pogaeda | verb to stack, to pile (one on another), to lay one on top of another |
| 뒤섞다dwiseokda | verb to mix up, to jumble, to shuffle |
| 뒤섞이다dwiseokkida | verb to be mixed up, to be jumbled, to mingle |
| 어우러지다eoureojida | verb to blend in, to go well together, to harmonize; to mingle (of people) |
| 얽매이다eongmaeida | verb to be tied down, to be bound, to be constrained (by) |
| 매이다maeida | verb to be tied, to be fastened; to be tied down (to work or duties) |
| 묶이다mukkida | verb to be tied (up), to be bound; to be stuck, to be held up |
| 억눌리다eongnullida | verb to be suppressed, to be oppressed, to be held down |
| 짓눌리다jinnullida | verb to be crushed, to be weighed down, to be overwhelmed |
| 허덕이다heodeogida | verb to struggle, to have a hard time (with money or work); to pant, to gasp |
| 몸부림치다momburimchida | verb to struggle, to writhe, to thrash about; to strive desperately |
| 발버둥 치다balbeodung chida | verb to kick and struggle, to flail; to struggle desperately |
| 안간힘을 쓰다anganhimeul sseuda | expression to try with all one's might, to strain every nerve, to struggle hard |
| 주력하다juryeokada | verb to concentrate on, to focus (one's efforts) on |
| 매진하다maejinhada | verb to devote oneself to, to push forward with, to strive toward |
| 골몰하다golmolhada | verb to be absorbed in, to be preoccupied with |
| 열중하다yeoljunghada | verb to be absorbed in, to be engrossed in, to concentrate on |
| 심혈을 기울이다simhyeoreul giurida | expression to put one's heart and soul into, to pour all one's effort into |
| 공들이다gongdeurida | verb to put a lot of effort into, to take great pains with |
| 쏟아붓다ssodabutda | verb to pour in (money, effort); to pour out (all); to shower (with criticism) |
| 퍼붓다peobutda | verb to pour down (of rain or snow); to shower (with insults or questions) |
| 내던지다naedeonjida | verb to throw away, to fling, to toss; to give up (one's life or position) |
| 내팽개치다naepaenggaechida | verb to throw aside, to fling away; to neglect, to abandon (duties) |
| 저버리다jeobeorida | verb to let down, to betray; to break (a promise), to turn one's back on |
| 등지다deungjida | verb to turn one's back on; to fall out with; to leave (one's hometown); to have at one's back |
| 도태되다dotaedoeda | verb to be weeded out, to be eliminated, to fall behind and drop out |
| 낙오되다nagodoeda | verb to fall behind, to drop out, to be left behind |
| 내몰리다naemollida | verb to be driven out, to be forced (into a situation) |
| 막대하다makdaehada | adjective enormous, immense, huge (amounts, costs, damage) |
| 방대하다bangdaehada | adjective vast, massive, extensive (in scope or volume) |
| 지대하다jidaehada | adjective tremendous, very great (influence, interest) |
| 막중하다makjunghada | adjective very important, weighty, grave (responsibility, duty) |
| 지극하다jigeukada | adjective utmost, extreme, devoted (care, love, sincerity) |
| 극렬하다geungnyeolhada | adjective fierce, violent, extreme (opposition, protest) |
| 첨예하다cheomyehada | adjective sharp, acute, intense (conflict, debate) |
| 절박하다jeolbakada | adjective desperate, urgent, pressing |
| 긴박하다ginbakada | adjective tense, urgent, critical (situation) |
| 긴요하다ginyohada | adjective essential, vitally important |
| 요긴하다yoginhada | adjective handy, useful; important |
| 유용하다yuyonghada | adjective useful, helpful |
| 무익하다muikada | adjective useless, of no benefit, pointless |
| 유해하다yuhaehada | adjective harmful |
| 무해하다muhaehada | adjective harmless |
| 유망하다yumanghada | adjective promising, having good prospects |
| 무능하다muneunghada | adjective incompetent, incapable |
| 노련하다noryeonhada | adjective experienced, seasoned, skillful |
| 월등하다woldeunghada | adjective far superior, outstanding |
| 열등하다yeoldeunghada | adjective inferior |
| 비범하다bibeomhada | adjective extraordinary, exceptional |
| 진부하다jinbuhada | adjective trite, clichéd, stale |
| 식상하다siksanghada | adjective stale, overused; sick of something |
| 기이하다giihada | adjective strange, bizarre, odd |
| 괴상하다goesanghada | adjective weird, bizarre, freakish |
| 허다하다heodahada | adjective numerous, very common, frequent |
| 희소하다huisohada | adjective rare, scarce |
| 빠듯하다ppadeutada | adjective tight, barely enough (money, time) |
| 궁핍하다gungpipada | adjective destitute, needy, impoverished |
| 빈곤하다bingonhada | adjective poor, impoverished; lacking |
| 윤택하다yuntaekada | adjective affluent, comfortable (life); glossy, moist |
| 척박하다cheokbakada | adjective barren, infertile (land); harsh (environment) |
| 비옥하다biokada | adjective fertile, rich (soil) |
| 삭막하다sangmakada | adjective bleak, dreary; cold, heartless (atmosphere) |
| 황량하다hwangnyanghada | adjective desolate, bleak, deserted |
| 적막하다jeongmakada | adjective silent, still, lonely |
| 번잡하다beonjapada | adjective crowded and hectic, congested; complicated |
| 번화하다beonhwahada | adjective bustling, busy, thriving (street, area) |
| 한가롭다hangaropda | adjective leisurely, peaceful, relaxed |
| 덤덤하다deomdeomhada | adjective calm, unmoved, matter-of-fact; bland (taste) |
| 냉철하다naengcheolhada | adjective cool-headed, level-headed, rational |
| 무덤덤하다mudeomdeomhada | adjective indifferent, emotionless, totally unmoved |
| 각박하다gakbakada | adjective heartless, harsh, cold (world, people) |
| 야박하다yabakada | adjective stingy, heartless, unkind |
| 엄중하다eomjunghada | adjective strict, stern, severe; serious |
| 경건하다gyeonggeonhada | adjective pious, reverent, solemn |
| 숙연하다sugyeonhada | adjective solemn, hushed, grave (mood) |
| 비장하다bijanghada | adjective grim but heroic, solemn and determined |
| 처절하다cheojeolhada | adjective desperate, harrowing, heartbreakingly intense |
| 참혹하다chamhokada | adjective gruesome, horrific, atrocious |
| 참담하다chamdamhada | adjective devastating, heartbreaking, dismal |
| 처참하다cheochamhada | adjective horrible, gruesome, miserable (scene) |
| 잔혹하다janhokada | adjective cruel, brutal |
| 가혹하다gahokada | adjective harsh, severe, cruel (treatment, conditions) |
| 혹독하다hokdokada | adjective severe, harsh, bitter (cold, training) |
| 모질다mojilda | adjective harsh, cruel, cold-hearted; tough, resilient |
| 버겁다beogeopda | adjective too much to handle, overwhelming, beyond one's ability |
| 애매모호하다aemaemohohada | adjective vague, ambiguous |
| 불분명하다bulbunmyeonghada | adjective unclear, indistinct |
| 명백하다myeongbaekada | adjective clear, obvious, evident |
| 확연하다hwagyeonhada | adjective distinct, clear, unmistakable |
| 현저하다hyeonjeohada | adjective remarkable, marked, noticeable |
| 역력하다yeongnyeokada | adjective evident, plainly visible (on someone's face) |
| 은밀하다eunmilhada | adjective secret, covert, private |
| 교묘하다gyomyohada | adjective clever, ingenious; crafty, sly |
| 면밀하다myeonmilhada | adjective thorough, careful, meticulous |
| 조잡하다jojapada | adjective crude, shoddy, poorly made |
| 허황되다heohwangdoeda | adjective unrealistic, far-fetched, fanciful |
| 터무니없다teomunieopda | adjective absurd, ridiculous, outrageous (price, claim) |
| 온당하다ondanghada | adjective proper, reasonable, appropriate |
| 지당하다jidanghada | adjective perfectly right, absolutely proper |
| 합당하다hapdanghada | adjective appropriate, suitable, deserved |
| 불가피하다bulgapihada | adjective unavoidable, inevitable |
| 불가결하다bulgagyeolhada | adjective indispensable, essential |
| 필연적piryeonjeok | determiner inevitable, necessary |
| 불가사의하다bulgasauihada | adjective mysterious, inexplicable, wondrous |
| 경이롭다gyeongiropda | adjective wondrous, amazing, marvelous |
| 찬란하다challanhada | adjective brilliant, dazzling, glorious |
| 호화롭다hohwaropda | adjective luxurious, lavish, extravagant |
| 남루하다namnuhada | adjective shabby, ragged, threadbare |
| 누추하다nuchuhada | adjective humble, shabby, squalid (of a place) |
| 말끔하다malkkeumhada | adjective neat, clean, tidy; spotless |
| 은은하다euneunhada | adjective faint, subtle, soft (of light, scent or sound) |
| 그윽하다geueukada | adjective deep and quiet, secluded; rich, deep (of scent or eyes) |
| 싱그럽다singgeureopda | adjective fresh, refreshing (of greenery, air, scent or youth) |
| 불결하다bulgyeolhada | adjective dirty, unclean, unsanitary |
| 겸허하다gyeomheohada | adjective humble, modest |
| 당돌하다dangdolhada | adjective bold, forward, cheeky (especially for a young person) |
| 비굴하다bigulhada | adjective servile, groveling, cowardly |
| 의연하다uiyeonhada | adjective composed, unshaken, resolute |
| 꿋꿋하다kkutkkutada | adjective steadfast, firm, unwavering |
| 경직되다gyeongjikdoeda | verb to become stiff, to become rigid; to be inflexible |
| 개방적gaebangjeok | determiner open, open-minded, liberal |
| 폐쇄적pyeswaejeok | determiner closed, exclusive, insular |
| 보수적bosujeok | determiner conservative |
| 진보적jinbojeok | determiner progressive |
| 주도적judojeok | determiner leading, proactive, taking the initiative |
| 협조적hyeopjojeok | determiner cooperative, helpful |
| 비협조적bihyeopjojeok | determiner uncooperative |
| 독선적dokseonjeok | determiner self-righteous, dogmatic |
| 권위주의적gwonwijuuijeok | determiner authoritarian |
| 희생적huisaengjeok | determiner self-sacrificing, selfless |
| 이성적iseongjeok | determiner rational, reasonable |
| 충동성chungdongseong | noun impulsiveness, impulsivity |
| 경박하다gyeongbakada | adjective frivolous, flippant, shallow |
| 진중하다jinjunghada | adjective serious, dignified, prudent |
| 듬직하다deumjikada | adjective dependable, reliable, solid |
| 미덥다mideopda | adjective trustworthy, reliable |
| 헤프다hepeuda | adjective wasteful, extravagant (with money); too free with smiles or words |
| 거짓되다geojitdoeda | adjective false, untrue, deceitful |
| 음흉하다eumhyunghada | adjective sly, sinister, scheming |
| 간사하다gansahada | adjective cunning, wily, sly; fickle |
| 파렴치하다paryeomchihada | adjective shameless, brazen, unscrupulous |
| 깍듯하다kkakdeutada | adjective very polite, courteous, punctilious |
| 살갑다salgapda | adjective affectionate, warm, friendly |
| 유별나다yubyeollada | adjective unusual, peculiar; fussy, over the top |
| 별나다byeollada | adjective odd, strange, eccentric |
| 괴팍하다goepakada | adjective cranky, cantankerous, difficult-tempered |
| 냉소적naengsojeok | determiner cynical, sneering |
| 회의적hoeuijeok | determiner skeptical, doubtful |
| 호의적houijeok | determiner favorable, friendly, well-disposed |
| 우호적uhojeok | determiner friendly, amicable |
| 적대적jeokdaejeok | determiner hostile, antagonistic |
| 방어적bangeojeok | determiner defensive |
| 순종적sunjongjeok | determiner obedient, submissive, compliant |
| 반항적banhangjeok | determiner rebellious, defiant |
| 개성적gaeseongjeok | determiner distinctive, individualistic, having character |
| 획일적hoegiljeok | determiner uniform, standardized, one-size-fits-all |
| 천편일률적cheonpyeonillyuljeok | determiner monotonous, cookie-cutter, all the same |
| 도전적dojeonjeok | determiner challenging, adventurous; defiant, provocative |
| 안일하다anilhada | adjective complacent, careless, easygoing (in a bad way) |
| 나약하다nayakada | adjective weak, feeble, weak-willed |
| 강인하다ganginhada | adjective tough, tenacious, resilient |
| 억척스럽다eokcheokseureopda | adjective tenacious, hardworking, gritty |
| 악착같다akchakgatda | adjective dogged, relentless, tenacious |
| 똑 부러지다ttok bureojida | expression to be sharp and decisive; (of speech) crisp and clear-cut |
| 우둔하다udunhada | adjective dull, slow-witted, dim |
| 미련하다mireonhada | adjective foolish, dim-witted, stubbornly stupid |
| 천진난만하다cheonjinnanmanhada | adjective innocent, naive, childlike |
| 점잖다jeomjanta | adjective dignified, decent, well-mannered |
| 품위pumwi | noun dignity, grace, class |
| 품격pumgyeok | noun dignity, class, refinement |
| 기품gipum | noun grace, nobility, elegance |
| 수더분하다sudeobunhada | adjective easygoing, unpretentious, down-to-earth |
| 검약하다geomyakada | adjective frugal, thrifty |
| 청빈하다cheongbinhada | adjective honorably poor, living in honest poverty |
| 탐욕스럽다tamyokseureopda | adjective greedy, avaricious |
| 탐욕tamyok | noun greed, avarice |
| 야심yasim | noun ambition (often ruthless) |
| 포부pobu | noun aspiration, ambition, dream |
| 패기paegi | noun drive, spirit, youthful guts |
| 기개gigae | noun spirit, mettle, backbone |
| 배짱baejjang | noun guts, nerve, boldness |
| 뚝심ttuksim | noun grit, stubborn perseverance, dogged strength |
| 오기ogi | noun stubborn pride, spite-driven determination |
| 아집ajip | noun self-centered stubbornness, egotism |
| 고집불통gojipbultong | noun stubborn person, mule-headed person; utter stubbornness |
| 독불장군dokbuljanggun | noun lone wolf, someone who insists on doing everything their own way |
| 더욱이deougi | adverb moreover, what's more, furthermore |
| 나아가naaga | adverb furthermore, going further, beyond that |
| 더군다나deogundana | adverb what's more, on top of that, besides |
| 곧got | adverb that is, namely, in other words; soon |
| 소위sowi | adverb so-called, what they call |
| 그럼에도geureomedo | adverb nevertheless, even so, despite that |
| 급기야geupgiya | adverb in the end, finally (after things got worse) |
| 비로소biroso | adverb only then, not until, for the first time |
| 이윽고ieukgo | adverb after a while, presently, before long |
| 애초aecho | noun the very beginning, the outset |
| 애당초aedangcho | adverb from the very start, in the first place |
| 당초dangcho | noun the beginning, the outset; original (plan) |
| 줄곧julgot | adverb all along, the whole time, constantly |
| 누누이nunui | adverb repeatedly, over and over |
| 재차jaecha | adverb again, a second time, once more |
| 더러deoreo | adverb sometimes, occasionally; some (of them) |
| 얼추eolchu | adverb roughly, about, almost |
| 가히gahi | adverb truly, indeed (it can fairly be said) |
| 자못jamot | adverb quite, rather, considerably |
| 사뭇samut | adverb quite, strikingly, completely (different) |
| 퍽peok | adverb very, quite |
| 월등히woldeunghi | adverb far, by far, overwhelmingly |
| 한층hancheung | adverb much more, all the more, a notch higher |
| 점진적으로jeomjinjeogeuro | adverb gradually, progressively, step by step |
| 소폭sopok | adverb slightly, by a small margin |
| 일제히iljehi | adverb all at once, simultaneously, in unison |
| 일괄ilgwal | noun lump sum, bundle; doing all at once |
| 일률적으로illyuljeogeuro | adverb uniformly, across the board, without exception |
| 전적으로jeonjeogeuro | adverb entirely, completely, totally |
| 일방적으로ilbangjeogeuro | adverb one-sidedly, unilaterally |
| 상대적으로sangdaejeogeuro | adverb relatively, comparatively |
| 절대적으로jeoldaejeogeuro | adverb absolutely, totally |
| 궁극적으로gunggeukjeogeuro | adverb ultimately, in the end |
| 근본적으로geunbonjeogeuro | adverb fundamentally, basically, at the root |
| 본질적으로bonjiljeogeuro | adverb essentially, in essence, intrinsically |
| 원칙적으로wonchikjeogeuro | adverb in principle, as a rule |
| 실질적으로siljiljeogeuro | adverb practically, in effect, substantially |
| 실로sillo | adverb truly, really, indeed |
| 진정jinjeong | adverb truly, really, sincerely |
| 진정으로jinjeongeuro | adverb truly, sincerely, from the heart |
| 여간yeogan | adverb (with a negative) extremely, no ordinary, not a little |
| 통tong | adverb (with a negative) not at all, at all |
| 애써aesseo | adverb with great effort; forcing oneself, deliberately |
| 고의로gouiro | adverb on purpose, intentionally, deliberately |
| 얼떨결에eoltteolgyeore | adverb in the confusion, without thinking, on the spur of the moment |
| 엉겁결에eonggeopgyeore | adverb reflexively, before one knows it, in a flash |
| 문득mundeuk | adverb suddenly (of a thought), all of a sudden |
| 불현듯bulhyeondeut | adverb suddenly (of a thought or feeling), out of the blue |
| 느닷없이neudadeopsi | adverb suddenly, out of nowhere, without warning |
| 난데없이nandeeopsi | adverb out of nowhere, out of the blue |
| 가까스로gakkaseuro | adverb barely, narrowly, with great difficulty |
| 하다못해hadamotae | adverb at the very least, if nothing else |
| 비단bidan | adverb (with a negative) not only, merely |
| 각별히gakbyeolhi | adverb especially, particularly, with special care |
| 덩달아deongdara | adverb following others, along with others, likewise |
| 아무쪼록amujjorok | adverb by all means, I sincerely hope; please |
| 모름지기moreumjigi | adverb by all means, as a matter of course, ought to |
| 응당eungdang | adverb naturally, rightly, as one should |
| 기필코gipilko | adverb without fail, no matter what, definitely |
| 어김없이eogimeopsi | adverb without fail, unfailingly, like clockwork |
| 영락없이yeongnageopsi | adverb exactly, unmistakably, just like |
| 한결같이hangyeolgachi | adverb consistently, constantly, unchangingly; all alike |
| 덥석deopseok | adverb eagerly, all at once (grabbing), snapping up |
| 불쑥bulssuk | adverb suddenly, abruptly (appearing or speaking) |
| 살그머니salgeumeoni | adverb quietly, stealthily, softly |
| 은근히eungeunhi | adverb subtly, quietly, secretly; surprisingly, kind of |
| 넌지시neonjisi | adverb indirectly, by hinting, casually |
| 언뜻eontteut | adverb at a glance, briefly; at first glance |
| 흘끗heulkkeut | adverb with a quick glance, glancingly |
| 힐끗hilkkeut | adverb with a quick sidelong glance |
| 물끄러미mulkkeureomi | adverb blankly, vacantly, fixedly (staring) |
| 우두커니udukeoni | adverb blankly, idly, motionless (standing or sitting) |
| 하염없이hayeomeopsi | adverb endlessly, helplessly, without stopping |
| 묵묵히mungmuki | adverb silently, quietly (without complaint) |
| 고스란히goseuranhi | adverb intact, entirely, just as it was |
| 송두리째songdurijjae | adverb entirely, root and all, completely |
| 깡그리kkanggeuri | adverb completely, entirely, every last bit |
| 죄다joeda | adverb all, every single one, without exception |
| 샅샅이satsachi | adverb thoroughly, every nook and cranny, inside and out |
| 속속들이soksokdeuri | adverb through and through, inside out, in every detail |
| 고루goru | adverb evenly, equally, all around |
| 고작해야gojakaeya | adverb at most, at best, no more than |
| 어지간히eojiganhi | adverb fairly, considerably; (ironic) really, terribly |
| 그럭저럭geureokjeoreok | adverb so-so, more or less, somehow (getting by) |
| 오죽ojuk | adverb how (very) much, to what extent (rhetorical) |
| 하도hado | adverb so (much), too (much), giving a reason |
| 워낙wonak | adverb so (very), just so; by nature, originally |
| 더할 나위 없이deohal nawi eopsi | expression perfectly, couldn't be better, ideally |
| 그지없이geujieopsi | adverb boundlessly, endlessly, extremely |
| 한없이haneopsi | adverb endlessly, boundlessly, infinitely |
| 무한히muhanhi | adverb infinitely, limitlessly |
| 무수히musuhi | adverb countlessly, innumerably |
| 숱하게sutage | adverb a great many times, plenty, lots |
| 빈번히binbeonhi | adverb frequently, often |
| 부단히budanhi | adverb constantly, ceaselessly, unceasingly |
| 쉴 새 없이swil sae eopsi | expression nonstop, without a break, incessantly |
| 줄기차게julgichage | adverb persistently, incessantly, vigorously |
| 꼬박kkobak | adverb a whole, a full (period), straight |
| 꼬박꼬박kkobakkkobak | adverb regularly, without fail, punctually |
| 고분고분gobungobun | adverb obediently, meekly, docilely |
| 순순히sunsunhi | adverb obediently, without resistance, meekly |
| 선선히seonseonhi | adverb readily, willingly, without hesitation |
| 기꺼이gikkeoi | adverb gladly, willingly, with pleasure |
| 마지못해majimotae | adverb reluctantly, unwillingly, grudgingly |
| 부득이budeugi | adverb unavoidably, inevitably, out of necessity |
| 불가피하게bulgapihage | adverb unavoidably, inevitably |
| 어쩔 수 없이eojjeol su eopsi | expression with no choice, inevitably, against one's will |
| 하는 수 없이haneun su eopsi | expression having no choice, reluctantly, perforce |
| 울며 겨자 먹기로ulmyeo gyeoja meokgiro | expression grudgingly, against one's will, having no choice |
| 도리없이dorieopsi | adverb with no other way, inevitably, helplessly |
| 무턱대고muteokdaego | adverb recklessly, blindly, without thinking |
| 덮어놓고deopeonoko | adverb blindly, unconditionally, without asking questions |
| 막무가내로mangmuganaero | adverb stubbornly, obstinately, no matter what anyone says |
| 성급히seonggeupi | adverb hastily, rashly, impatiently |
| 경솔히gyeongsolhi | adverb carelessly, rashly, thoughtlessly |
| 신중히sinjunghi | adverb carefully, cautiously, prudently |
| 면밀히myeonmilhi | adverb closely, meticulously, carefully |
| 엄격히eomgyeoki | adverb strictly, rigorously |
| 엄밀히eommilhi | adverb strictly (speaking), precisely, rigorously |
| 엄연히eomyeonhi | adverb clearly, undeniably, as a plain fact |
| 확연히hwagyeonhi | adverb clearly, distinctly, obviously |
| 여실히yeosilhi | adverb vividly, faithfully, just as it really is |
| 생생히saengsaenghi | adverb vividly, clearly, freshly |
| 아련히aryeonhi | adverb faintly, dimly, hazily (often nostalgic) |
| 가물가물gamulgamul | adverb dimly, hazily (memory); flickering faintly |
| 아득히adeuki | adverb far away, distantly; long ago |
| 까마득히kkamadeuki | adverb very far away; completely (forget) |
| 대강daegang | adverb roughly, briefly, in outline |
| 어림잡아eorimjaba | adverb roughly, approximately, at a rough estimate |
| 얼마간eolmagan | adverb for a while, for some time; somewhat, to some extent |
| 다소daso | adverb somewhat, a little, rather |
| 있는 힘껏inneun himkkeot | expression with all one's might, as hard as one can |
| 정성껏jeongseongkkeot | adverb with care, with all one's heart, devotedly |
| 성심껏seongsimkkeot | adverb wholeheartedly, sincerely, with all one's heart |
| 성심성의껏seongsimseonguikkeot | adverb with all one's sincerity, wholeheartedly |
| 이왕iwang | adverb since (it's already so), anyway, as long as |
| 기왕이면giwangimyeon | adverb if (one is going to) anyway, preferably, might as well |
| 이왕이면iwangimyeon | adverb if (one is going to) anyway, preferably, might as well |
| 도통dotong | adverb (not) at all, (not) in the least |
| 더없이deoeopsi | adverb supremely, incomparably, extremely |
| 더러는deoreoneun | adverb sometimes, occasionally; some (of them) |
| 드문드문deumundeumun | adverb sparsely, here and there; now and then |
| 띄엄띄엄ttuieomttuieom | adverb at intervals, sparsely; haltingly |
| 듬성듬성deumseongdeumseong | adverb sparsely, thinly, with wide gaps |
| 빼곡히ppaegoki | adverb densely, packed full, crammed |
| 촘촘히chomchomhi | adverb closely, densely, tightly (spaced) |
| 가지런히gajireonhi | adverb neatly, evenly, in a tidy row |
| 차곡차곡chagokchagok | adverb neatly piled, layer by layer; bit by bit |
| 착착chakchak | adverb smoothly, steadily (progress); snugly, neatly |
| 척척cheokcheok | adverb readily, skillfully, without a hitch |
| 술술sulsul | adverb smoothly, easily, fluently |
| 허둥지둥heodungjidung | adverb in a flurry, in a flustered hurry, helter-skelter |
| 갈팡질팡galpangjilpang | adverb this way and that, in confusion; wavering |
| 오락가락orakgarak | adverb back and forth, coming and going; on and off |
| 조마조마jomajoma | adverb nervously, anxiously, on edge |
| 울컥ulkeok | adverb with a sudden surge (of emotion), welling up; suddenly (throwing up) |
| 뭉클mungkeul | adverb with a lump in one's throat, deeply moved, touched |
| 아랑곳없이arangodeopsi | adverb regardless, paying no heed, without caring |
| 거침없이geochimeopsi | adverb without hesitation, freely, smoothly; unstoppably |
| 허물없이heomureopsi | adverb casually, without reserve, like close friends |
| 격의 없이gyeogui eopsi | expression without formality, openly, frankly |
| 가차 없이gacha eopsi | expression mercilessly, without mercy, ruthlessly |
| 여지없이yeojieopsi | adverb utterly, completely, without fail |
| 속절없이sokjeoreopsi | adverb helplessly, in vain, with nothing one can do |
| 덧없이deodeopsi | adverb fleetingly, transiently, in vain |
| 부질없이bujireopsi | adverb pointlessly, uselessly, in vain |
| 괜스레gwaenseure | adverb for no reason, needlessly, somehow |
| 애꿎게aekkutge | adverb unfairly, on an innocent party, taking it out on the wrong target |
| 일거양득ilgeoyangdeuk | noun killing two birds with one stone, a double benefit |
| 일장일단iljangildan | noun pros and cons, strengths and weaknesses |
| 일맥상통ilmaeksangtong | noun having something in common, being in line with |
| 일사천리ilsacheolli | noun swift progress without a hitch, in one smooth rush |
| 일편단심ilpyeondansim | noun single-minded devotion, unwavering loyalty |
| 일취월장ilchwiwoljang | noun rapid progress, improving day by day |
| 일희일비ilhuiilbi | noun swinging between joy and sorrow; reacting to every up and down |
| 일촉즉발ilchokjeukbal | noun an explosive situation, touch-and-go, on a knife-edge |
| 일망타진ilmangtajin | noun rounding up (a whole gang) in one sweep |
| 일목요연하다ilmogyoyeonhada | adjective to be clear at a glance, to be well-organized |
| 일확천금ilhwakcheongeum | noun a fortune made overnight, easy money |
| 이구동성igudongseong | noun with one voice, unanimously |
| 이열치열iyeolchiyeol | noun fighting heat with heat; fighting fire with fire |
| 삼삼오오samsamoo | noun in small groups, in twos and threes |
| 사면초가samyeonchoga | noun being surrounded by enemies on all sides, a hopeless situation |
| 오리무중orimujung | noun shrouded in mystery, completely in the dark |
| 천신만고cheonsinmango | noun countless hardships, great pains |
| 천재일우cheonjaeiru | noun a once-in-a-lifetime chance, golden opportunity |
| 천고마비cheongomabi | noun crisp autumn weather; autumn, when the sky is high and horses grow fat |
| 구사일생gusailsaeng | noun a narrow escape from death, a close call |
| 동고동락donggodongnak | noun sharing joys and sorrows, going through thick and thin together |
| 동병상련dongbyeongsangnyeon | noun sympathy among fellow sufferers; misery loves company |
| 동분서주dongbunseoju | noun rushing around busily, running here and there |
| 박학다식bakhakdasik | noun wide learning, being very knowledgeable |
| 백발백중baekbalbaekjung | noun hitting the mark every time, never missing |
| 백년대계baengnyeondaegye | noun a far-sighted plan, a long-term national plan |
| 부전자전bujeonjajeon | noun like father, like son |
| 비일비재biilbijae | noun very common, happening all the time |
| 사필귀정sapilgwijeong | noun justice will prevail; things end up where they should |
| 새옹지마saeongjima | noun a blessing in disguise; life's ups and downs are unpredictable |
| 속수무책soksumuchaek | noun helplessness, being powerless to do anything |
| 수수방관susubanggwan | noun standing by idly, looking on with folded arms |
| 심사숙고simsasukgo | noun careful consideration, deep thought |
| 아전인수ajeoninsu | noun self-serving interpretation, twisting things to one's own advantage |
| 안하무인anhamuin | noun arrogance, acting as if no one else matters |
| 애지중지aejijungji | noun cherishing, treasuring dearly |
| 약육강식yagyukgangsik | noun survival of the fittest, the law of the jungle |
| 어부지리eobujiri | noun a third party's gain from others' quarrel |
| 언중유골eonjungyugol | noun words with a hidden barb, a pointed remark |
| 온고지신ongojisin | noun learning the new by reviewing the old |
| 외유내강oeyunaegang | noun gentle on the outside, strong on the inside |
| 우유부단uyubudan | noun indecisiveness |
| 유유상종yuyusangjong | noun birds of a feather flock together |
| 이실직고isiljikgo | noun telling the truth, confessing frankly |
| 인과응보ingwaeungbo | noun you reap what you sow; karma |
| 자초지종jachojijong | noun the whole story, from beginning to end |
| 자포자기japojagi | noun self-abandonment, giving up on oneself |
| 자화자찬jahwajachan | noun self-praise, blowing one's own horn |
| 적반하장jeokbanhajang | noun the wrongdoer turning on the victim, the height of nerve |
| 조삼모사josammosa | noun a trick using a superficial difference; fooling people with the same deal repackaged |
| 중구난방junggunanbang | noun everyone talking at once, disorganized discussion |
| 지피지기jipijigi | noun knowing the enemy and knowing oneself |
| 진퇴양난jintoeyangnan | noun a dilemma, being stuck between a rock and a hard place |
| 청천벽력cheongcheonbyeongnyeok | noun a bolt from the blue, shocking news |
| 초지일관chojiilgwan | noun sticking to one's original intention, consistency |
| 칠전팔기chiljeonpalgi | noun never giving up; falling seven times and rising eight |
| 타산지석tasanjiseok | noun a lesson learned from others' mistakes |
| 탁상공론taksanggongnon | noun armchair theorizing, impractical talk |
| 표리부동pyoribudong | noun two-facedness, saying one thing and meaning another |
| 학수고대haksugodae | noun eagerly waiting, looking forward to impatiently |
| 허심탄회heosimtanhoe | noun frankness, openness |
| 호시탐탐hositamtam | noun watching for a chance, like a tiger eyeing its prey |
| 환골탈태hwangoltaltae | noun a complete transformation, a total makeover |
| 감언이설gameoniseol | noun sweet talk, honeyed words |
| 견물생심gyeonmulsaengsim | noun seeing something makes you want it; temptation at the sight of things |
| 결자해지gyeoljahaeji | noun whoever causes a problem should solve it; the one who tied the knot must untie it |
| 과유불급gwayubulgeup | noun too much is as bad as too little; moderation is best |
| 금상첨화geumsangcheomhwa | noun icing on the cake; one good thing on top of another |
| 기고만장gigomanjang | noun being puffed up with pride; cockiness, arrogance |
| 노심초사nosimchosa | noun anxiety; worrying oneself sick, fretting |
| 다다익선dadaikseon | noun the more the better |
| 대동소이daedongsoi | noun much the same, with only minor differences |
| 마이동풍maidongpung | noun in one ear and out the other; turning a deaf ear |
| 무용지물muyongjimul | noun useless thing, something of no use |
| 배은망덕baeeunmangdeok | noun ingratitude; betraying someone's kindness |
| 본말전도bonmaljeondo | noun putting the cart before the horse; getting priorities backward |
| 사리사욕sarisayok | noun personal gain, selfish interests |
| 사상누각sasangnugak | noun a castle built on sand; something without a solid foundation |
| 선견지명seongyeonjimyeong | noun foresight, vision |
| 소탐대실sotamdaesil | noun penny-wise and pound-foolish; losing big by chasing small gains |
| 어불성설eobulseongseol | noun nonsense; an argument that doesn't hold up |
| 오매불망omaebulmang | noun longing day and night; never forgetting, even in sleep |
| 용두사미yongdusami | noun a strong start with a weak finish; fizzling out |
| 유명무실yumyeongmusil | noun existing in name only; nominal |
| 이해타산ihaetasan | noun calculating gains and losses; self-interested calculation |
| 인산인해insaninhae | noun a sea of people; huge crowds |
| 임기응변imgieungbyeon | noun improvisation, thinking on one's feet; adapting to circumstances |
| 자수성가jasuseongga | noun self-made success; making it on one's own |
| 자급자족jageupjajok | noun self-sufficiency |
| 적재적소jeokjaejeokso | noun the right person in the right place |
| 전대미문jeondaemimun | noun unheard of, unprecedented |
| 절체절명jeolchejeolmyeong | noun a desperate situation; a do-or-die crisis |
| 정정당당jeongjeongdangdang | noun fair and square; open and aboveboard |
| 좌불안석jwaburanseok | noun being on pins and needles; too restless to sit still |
| 주객전도jugaekjeondo | noun role reversal; the side issue overshadowing the main thing |
| 주경야독jugyeongyadok | noun working by day and studying by night |
| 청출어람cheongchureoram | noun the student surpassing the teacher |
| 촌철살인choncheolsarin | noun a pithy remark that hits the mark; a cutting one-liner |
| 침소봉대chimsobongdae | noun exaggeration; making a mountain out of a molehill |
| 파죽지세pajukjise | noun unstoppable momentum; a sweeping winning streak |
| 화룡점정hwaryongjeomjeong | noun the finishing touch |
| 흥청망청heungcheongmangcheong | adverb extravagantly, wastefully; in a reckless, merrymaking way |
| 권선징악gwonseonjingak | noun rewarding good and punishing evil; poetic justice |
| 고군분투gogunbuntu | noun a lone struggle; fighting single-handedly against the odds |
| 갑론을박gamnoneulbak | noun heated back-and-forth debate; arguing pro and con |
| 개과천선gaegwacheonseon | noun turning over a new leaf; reforming oneself |
| 구구절절gugujeoljeol | noun every single word and line; at great length, in detail |
| 군계일학gungyeilhak | noun someone who stands out from the crowd |
| 기상천외하다gisangcheonoehada | adjective bizarre, wildly imaginative, outlandish |
| 다사다난하다dasadananhada | adjective eventful and full of hardships |
| 대의명분daeuimyeongbun | noun a just cause; justification |
| 명실상부하다myeongsilsangbuhada | adjective living up to its name; truly so, in name and in fact |
| 무궁무진하다mugungmujinhada | adjective endless, inexhaustible, limitless |
| 방방곡곡bangbanggokgok | noun every corner of the country; far and wide |
| 불철주야bulcheoljuya | noun day and night, around the clock |
| 산전수전sanjeonsujeon | noun all kinds of hardships; long, varied experience of life |
| 상부상조sangbusangjo | noun mutual aid, helping one another |
| 솔선수범solseonsubeom | noun leading by example |
| 시시비비sisibibi | noun right and wrong; the rights and wrongs of a matter |
| 십시일반sipsiilban | noun many small contributions adding up; everyone chipping in |
| 어수선하다eosuseonhada | adjective messy, cluttered; unsettled, chaotic (of a mood or situation) |
| 오합지졸ohapjijol | noun a disorganized rabble; an undisciplined mob |
| 우후죽순uhujuksun | noun springing up everywhere; mushrooming |
| 유일무이하다yuilmuihada | adjective one and only, unique |
| 이율배반iyulbaeban | noun contradiction; two conflicting claims (antinomy) |
| 일거수일투족ilgeosuiltujok | noun every move, every little action |
| 자격지심jagyeokjisim | noun a sense of inferiority; insecurity about one's own shortcomings |
| 자문자답jamunjadap | noun asking and answering one's own question |
| 전무후무하다jeonmuhumuhada | adjective unprecedented and likely never to be repeated |
| 천진무구하다cheonjinmuguhada | adjective innocent and pure, childlike |
| 청렴결백하다cheongnyeomgyeolbaekada | adjective honest and incorruptible; squeaky-clean (of officials) |
| 횡설수설hoengseolsuseol | noun rambling, incoherent talk |
| 희로애락huiroaerak | noun the joys and sorrows of life; all human emotions |
| 우물 안 개구리umul an gaeguri | expression a frog in a well; someone with a narrow view of the world |
| 수박 겉 핥기subak geot halgi | expression superficial treatment; only scratching the surface |
| 빛 좋은 개살구bit joeun gaesalgu | expression all show and no substance; looks good but disappoints |
| 등잔 밑이 어둡다deungjan michi eodupda | expression it's hardest to see what's right under your nose |
| 눈엣가시nunetgasi | noun a thorn in one's side; a person one can't stand |
| 꿩 먹고 알 먹기kkwong meokgo al meokgi | expression killing two birds with one stone; a double benefit |
| 도토리 키 재기dotori ki jaegi | expression much of a muchness; all equally mediocre, so comparing is pointless |
| 고래 싸움에 새우 등 터진다gorae ssaume saeu deung teojinda | expression when the powerful fight, the weak get hurt; caught in the crossfire |
| 윗물이 맑아야 아랫물이 맑다winmuri malgaya araenmuri makda | expression leaders must set a good example for those below them |
| 돌다리도 두들겨 보고 건너라doldarido dudeulgyeo bogo geonneora | expression look before you leap; be careful even when something seems safe |
| 백지장도 맞들면 낫다baekjijangdo matdeulmyeon natda | expression many hands make light work; any task is easier when shared |
| 사공이 많으면 배가 산으로 간다sagongi maneumyeon baega saneuro ganda | expression too many cooks spoil the broth; with too many people in charge, things go wrong |
| 가랑비에 옷 젖는 줄 모른다garangbie ot jeonneun jul moreunda | expression small things add up before you notice; little losses pile up unnoticed |
| 개구리 올챙이 적 생각 못 한다gaeguri olchaengi jjeok saenggak mothanda | expression to forget one's humble beginnings; said of someone who succeeds and looks down on beginners |
| 믿는 도끼에 발등 찍힌다minneun dokkie baldeung jjikinda | expression to be betrayed by someone you trusted; stabbed in the back by a trusted person |
| 배보다 배꼽이 더 크다baeboda baekkobi deo keuda | expression the extras cost more than the main thing; the tail wagging the dog |
| 울며 겨자 먹기ulmyeo gyeoja meokgi | expression doing something against one's will; having no choice but to do it |
| 엎친 데 덮친 격eopchin de deopchin gyeok | expression to make matters worse; one misfortune on top of another; when it rains, it pours |
| 엎질러진 물eopjilleojin mul | expression what's done is done; no use crying over spilled milk |
| 제 눈에 안경je nune angyeong | expression beauty is in the eye of the beholder |
| 그 나물에 그 밥geu namure geu bap | expression all the same; six of one, half a dozen of the other |
| 오십보백보osipbobaekbo | noun a difference that makes no difference; not much better; the pot calling the kettle black |
| 작은 고추가 더 맵다jageun gochuga deo maepda | expression small but mighty; don't judge someone by their size |
| 벼는 익을수록 고개를 숙인다byeoneun igeulsurok gogaereul suginda | expression the more accomplished a person is, the more humble they are |
| 낫 놓고 기역 자도 모른다nat noko giyeok jado moreunda | expression to be completely illiterate or ignorant; not to know the first thing |
| 꼬리가 길면 밟힌다kkoriga gilmyeon balpinda | expression if you keep doing wrong, you'll eventually get caught |
| 남의 떡이 더 커 보인다namui tteogi deo keo boinda | expression the grass is always greener on the other side |
| 병 주고 약 준다byeong jugo yak junda | expression to hurt someone and then offer help; to cause a problem, then pretend to fix it |
| 가재는 게 편gajaeneun ge pyeon | expression birds of a feather stick together; people side with their own kind |
| 발 벗고 나서다bal beotgo naseoda | expression to jump in wholeheartedly to help; to roll up one's sleeves |
| 손에 땀을 쥐다sone ttameul jwida | expression to be on the edge of one's seat; to be tense with suspense |
| 손사래를 치다sonsaraereul chida | expression to wave one's hand in refusal; to wave something off |
| 눈살을 찌푸리다nunsareul jjipurida | expression to frown; to scowl in disapproval |
| 눈 밖에 나다nun bakke nada | expression to fall out of favor with someone; to get on someone's bad side |
| 눈시울을 붉히다nunsiureul bulkida | expression to be moved to tears; to have one's eyes well up |
| 입에 오르내리다ibe oreunaerida | expression to be talked about; to be the subject of gossip |
| 입이 닳도록ibi daltorok | expression over and over; until one is blue in the face |
| 코웃음을 치다kouseumeul chida | expression to sneer; to scoff at |
| 머리를 굴리다meorireul gullida | expression to rack one's brain; to think hard (sometimes slyly) |
| 어깨를 나란히 하다eokkaereul naranhi hada | expression to rank alongside; to be on equal footing with |
| 간담이 서늘하다gandami seoneulhada | expression to have one's blood run cold; to be chilled with fear |
| 애를 태우다aereul taeuda | expression to fret anxiously; to make someone worried sick |
| 애가 타다aega tada | expression to be anxious; to be burning with worry |
| 등을 떠밀다deungeul tteomilda | expression to push someone into doing something; to pressure |
| 뒤통수를 치다dwitongsureul chida | expression to stab someone in the back; to betray |
| 피땀을 흘리다pittameul heullida | expression to work one's fingers to the bone; to put in blood, sweat, and tears |
| 혀를 내두르다hyeoreul naedureuda | expression to be amazed; to marvel |
| 목에 힘을 주다moge himeul juda | expression to act arrogant; to put on airs |
| 시치미를 떼다sichimireul tteda | expression to play dumb; to pretend not to know |
| 한술 더 뜨다hansul deo tteuda | expression to go one step further (usually worse); to go even further |
| 트집을 잡다teujibeul japda | expression to find fault; to nitpick |
| 꼬투리를 잡다kkoturireul japda | expression to nitpick; to seize on a small slip to criticize |
| 딴청을 피우다ttancheongeul piuda | expression to act as if one didn't hear; to pretend to be busy with something else |
| 엄살을 부리다eomsareul burida | expression to exaggerate pain or hardship; to make a fuss |
| 생색을 내다saengsaegeul naeda | expression to make a show of one's kindness; to take credit for a favor |
| 본때를 보이다bonttaereul boida | expression to teach someone a lesson; to show them who's boss |
| 맥이 빠지다maegi ppajida | expression to feel deflated; to lose heart; to be drained |
| 김이 새다gimi saeda | expression to lose steam; to be a letdown; to take the fun out of something |
| 찬물을 끼얹다chanmureul kkieonda | expression to throw cold water on; to spoil the mood |
| 물불을 가리지 않다mulbureul gariji anta | expression to stop at nothing; to go through fire and water |
| 산통을 깨다santongeul kkaeda | expression to ruin everything; to spoil a plan |
| 판을 깨다paneul kkaeda | expression to break up the game; to wreck a deal or gathering |
| 담을 쌓다dameul ssata | expression to cut off ties with; to want nothing to do with |
| 선을 긋다seoneul geutda | expression to draw the line; to set boundaries; to distance oneself from |
| 쐐기를 박다sswaegireul bakda | expression to clinch; to settle something firmly; to nail it down |
| 못을 박다moseul bakda | expression to make something clear; to state firmly |
| 뜸을 들이다tteumeul deurida | expression to hesitate before speaking; to keep someone in suspense; (cooking) to let rice steam |
| 바람을 맞다barameul matda | expression to be stood up |
| 분위기를 띄우다bunwigireul ttiuda | expression to liven up the mood; to get the party going |
| 열을 올리다yeoreul ollida | expression to go all out on; to get fired up about; to get heated |
| 거품을 물다geopumeul mulda | expression to foam at the mouth; to argue or rant furiously |
| 가닥을 잡다gadageul japda | expression to get a handle on; to settle on a direction |
| 갈피를 잡다galpireul japda | expression to get one's bearings; to make sense of something (mostly in negatives) |
| 실마리를 찾다silmarireul chatda | expression to find a clue; to find a lead |
| 명맥을 잇다myeongmaegeul itda | expression to keep (a tradition) alive; to carry on a dwindling line |
| 고배를 마시다gobaereul masida | expression to suffer defeat; to taste bitter failure |
| 쓴맛을 보다sseunmaseul boda | expression to have a bitter experience; to learn the hard way |
| 첫발을 내딛다cheotbareul naeditda | expression to take the first step; to make a start |
| 막을 내리다mageul naerida | expression to come to an end; to close (an event or era) |
| 박차를 가하다bakchareul gahada | expression to speed up; to spur on; to step up efforts |
| 제동을 걸다jedongeul geolda | expression to put the brakes on; to curb |
| 발목이 잡히다balmogi japida | expression to be held back; to be tied down by something |
| 도마 위에 오르다doma wie oreuda | expression to come under fire; to become the target of criticism |
| 물꼬를 트다mulkkoreul teuda | expression to open the way; to make a breakthrough |
| 불을 보듯 뻔하다bureul bodeut ppeonhada | expression to be obvious; to be as plain as day |
| 불똥이 튀다bulttongi twida | expression to get caught in the crossfire; for trouble to spread to others |
| 베일에 싸이다beire ssaida | expression to be shrouded in mystery; to be kept under wraps |
| 수면 위로 떠오르다sumyeon wiro tteooreuda | expression to come to the surface, to come to light; to emerge as an issue |
| 걸음마를 떼다georeummareul tteda | expression to take one's first steps; to be just getting started (at something) |
| 궤도에 오르다gwedoe oreuda | expression to get on track, to get into full swing, to become established |
| 날개를 달다nalgaereul dalda | expression to take off, to gain momentum; to get a big boost |
| 뒷전으로 밀리다dwitjeoneuro millida | expression to be pushed to the back burner, to be put on hold, to be neglected |
| 국면gungmyeon | noun phase, situation, stage (of events) |
| 단면danmyeon | noun cross section; one side, a glimpse (of something) |
| 이면imyeon | noun the other side, the hidden side, what lies behind |
| 면모myeonmo | noun aspect, side (of someone's character); appearance, look |
| 실상silsang | noun the actual state, the reality, the truth; (adverbially) in reality |
| 추이chui | noun trend, course, progress (of change over time) |
| 기조gijo | noun keynote, basic tone; underlying policy or stance |
| 전후jeonhu | noun before and after; context, the whole story; (with numbers) around, about |
| 경위gyeongwi | noun the details (of how something happened), the circumstances |
| 내막naemak | noun the inside story, what's going on behind the scenes |
| 사정sajeong | noun circumstances, situation, reasons; (사정하다) pleading |
| 까닭kkadak | noun reason, cause |
| 소지soji | noun room, potential, grounds (for something, usually undesirable) |
| 여력yeoryeok | noun spare capacity, room (to do more), resources to spare |
| 겨를gyeoreul | noun spare time, a moment to spare |
| 틈teum | noun gap, crack; spare moment; opening, chance |
| 빈틈binteum | noun gap, loophole; flaw, weak spot |
| 맹점maengjeom | noun blind spot, loophole, overlooked flaw |
| 약점yakjeom | noun weakness, weak point |
| 강점gangjeom | noun strength, strong point, advantage |
| 취약점chwiyakjeom | noun vulnerability, weak point |
| 한계점hangyejeom | noun limit, breaking point |
| 임계점imgyejeom | noun critical point, tipping point |
| 분기점bungijeom | noun turning point; junction, fork (in a road) |
| 기점gijeom | noun starting point; (as ~을 기점으로) from, beginning with |
| 관건gwangeon | noun the key (factor), the crux |
| 발단baldan | noun the beginning, the origin, what started it (often of trouble) |
| 단초dancho | noun a clue, a first step, a starting point (toward a solution) |
| 실마리silmari | noun a clue, a lead; the end of a thread |
| 원천woncheon | noun source, fountainhead, origin |
| 기틀giteul | noun foundation, groundwork, framework |
| 근간geungan | noun basis, backbone, core |
| 골격golgyeok | noun skeleton, build; framework, outline (of a plan) |
| 뼈대ppyeodae | noun skeleton, frame; framework, main outline |
| 체계chegye | noun system, organized structure |
| 체제cheje | noun system, regime, structure (political or organizational) |
| 기제gije | noun mechanism (of how something works) |
| 이치ichi | noun reason, logic, the natural order of things |
| 기강gigang | noun discipline, order (in an organization) |
| 위계wigye | noun hierarchy, rank order |
| 위상wisang | noun status, standing, prestige |
| 지위jiwi | noun position, status, rank |
| 입지ipji | noun standing, position; location, site (for a building or business) |
| 몫mok | noun share, portion; one's part, one's role |
| 효용hyoyong | noun utility, usefulness, use |
| 효용성hyoyongseong | noun usefulness, utility, effectiveness |
| 실효성silhyoseong | noun actual effectiveness, practical effect |
| 유효성yuhyoseong | noun validity, efficacy |
| 공적gongjeok | noun achievements, merits, meritorious service |
| 공로gongno | noun merit, contribution, service (worthy of reward) |
| 기여giyeo | noun contribution |
| 기여도giyeodo | noun degree of contribution, share of the credit |
| 공헌gongheon | noun contribution, service |
| 역효과yeokhyogwa | noun the opposite effect, backfire, counterproductive result |
| 폐해pyehae | noun harmful effects, ill effects, evils |
| 폐단pyedan | noun abuse, corrupt practice, evil (of a system) |
| 병폐byeongpye | noun chronic problem, social ill, deep-rooted evil |
| 부조리bujori | noun irrationality, injustice, corrupt practices; absurdity |
| 모순점mosunjeom | noun contradiction, inconsistency, point of conflict |
| 쟁점화jaengjeomhwa | noun making something a point of contention, politicization (of an issue) |
| 난제nanje | noun difficult problem, tough challenge |
| 난관nangwan | noun obstacle, difficulty, hurdle |
| 고비gobi | noun critical moment, the hardest part, a crisis point |
| 위기감wigigam | noun sense of crisis, feeling of urgency |
| 기로giro | noun crossroads, fork in the road (critical decision point) |
| 갈림길gallimgil | noun fork in the road, crossroads; turning point |
| 선택지seontaekji | noun options, choices; answer choices (on a test) |
| 방책bangchaek | noun plan, measure, means (to deal with something) |
| 타개책tagaechaek | noun a way out, breakthrough measure (for a deadlock or crisis) |
| 돌파구dolpagu | noun breakthrough, a way out |
| 묘안myoan | noun clever idea, brilliant plan |
| 요령yoryeong | noun knack, trick, the hang of it; gist; (요령을 피우다) shirking |
| 방편bangpyeon | noun expedient, means, stopgap measure |
| 매개maegae | noun medium, intermediary; mediation |
| 매개체maegaeche | noun medium, vehicle, carrier |
| 통로tongno | noun passage, aisle, corridor; channel, avenue (means) |
| 수순susun | noun procedure, sequence of steps; (expected) course |
| 일환ilhwan | noun part, one part (of a larger plan) |
| 척도cheokdo | noun measure, yardstick, criterion; scale |
| 잣대jatdae | noun measuring stick, ruler; standard, yardstick (for judging) |
| 길잡이giljabi | noun guide; guidebook, handbook |
| 이정표ijeongpyo | noun milestone, signpost; turning point |
| 청사진cheongsajin | noun blueprint; plan, vision (for the future) |
| 비전bijeon | noun vision (for the future); prospects, future potential |
| 징후jinghu | noun sign, symptom, indication |
| 기미gimi | noun sign, hint, trace |
| 낌새kkimsae | noun sign, hint, inkling (that something is up) |
| 전조jeonjo | noun omen, harbinger, warning sign |
| 여파yeopa | noun aftermath, aftereffects, fallout |
| 후폭풍hupokpung | noun backlash, fallout, aftermath |
| 위력wiryeok | noun power, might, force |
| 저력jeoryeok | noun hidden strength, latent power, reserves of strength |
| 잠재성jamjaeseong | noun potential, latency |
| 개연성gaeyeonseong | noun probability, likelihood; plausibility (of a story) |
| 필연성piryeonseong | noun inevitability, necessity |
| 당위성dangwiseong | noun justification, rationale; the case (for doing something) |
| 시급성sigeupseong | noun urgency |
| 심각성simgakseong | noun seriousness, gravity |
| 동질성dongjilseong | noun homogeneity, sameness, common identity |
| 이질성ijilseong | noun heterogeneity, difference, foreignness |
| 획일성hoegilseong | noun uniformity, conformity, one-size-fits-all nature |
| 연속성yeonsokseong | noun continuity |
| 지속성jisokseong | noun persistence, durability; sustainability |
| 안정성anjeongseong | noun stability |
| 불확실성bulhwaksilseong | noun uncertainty |
| 정치권jeongchigwon | noun political circles, the political world, politicians |
| 의회uihoe | noun parliament, congress, legislature |
| 총리chongni | noun prime minister, premier |
| 차관chagwan | noun vice minister, deputy minister |
| 집단jipdan | noun group, collective, body |
| 진보jinbo | noun progress; progressivism, the progressive side |
| 보수bosu | noun conservatism; conservatives, the right |
| 중도jungdo | noun middle ground, centrism, the center |
| 좌파jwapa | noun the left, left wing, leftists |
| 우파upa | noun the right, right wing, rightists |
| 지지율jijiyul | noun approval rating, support rate |
| 임기imgi | noun term of office, tenure |
| 취임chwiim | noun inauguration, taking office |
| 사퇴satoe | noun resignation, stepping down; withdrawal (from a race) |
| 임명immyeong | noun appointment (to a post), nomination |
| 혁명hyeongmyeong | noun revolution |
| 개혁gaehyeok | noun reform |
| 동맹dongmaeng | noun alliance |
| 청사cheongsa | noun government office building |
| 세입seip | noun (government) revenue, annual income |
| 세출sechul | noun (government) expenditure, annual spending |
| 국고gukgo | noun national treasury, public funds |
| 선심성seonsimseong | noun crowd-pleasing, populist (handout-style) |
| 토론회toronhoe | noun debate, forum, panel discussion |
| 시위대siwidae | noun protesters, demonstrators |
| 집회jiphoe | noun rally, assembly, gathering |
| 호경기hogyeonggi | noun economic boom, prosperity |
| 경착륙gyeongchangnyuk | noun hard landing (sharp economic slowdown) |
| 연착륙yeonchangnyuk | noun soft landing (gradual slowdown); smooth transition |
| 이자율ijayul | noun interest rate |
| 외화oehwa | noun foreign currency |
| 대출금daechulgeum | noun loan (amount), borrowed money |
| 하락세harakse | noun downward trend, decline |
| 강세gangse | noun strength, strong position; bullish trend |
| 약세yakse | noun weakness, weak position; bearish trend |
| 등락deungnak | noun rise and fall, fluctuation(s) |
| 자본금jabongeum | noun capital (stock), starting capital |
| 재무jaemu | noun finance, financial affairs |
| 단가danga | noun unit price, cost per unit |
| 마진majin | noun profit margin, markup |
| 품귀pumgwi | noun shortage, scarcity (of goods) |
| 수출입suchurip | noun exports and imports, foreign trade |
| 명세서myeongseseo | noun itemized statement, bill; specification |
| 견적gyeonjeok | noun estimate, quote |
| 잔금jangeum | noun balance, remaining payment |
| 중도금jungdogeum | noun interim payment, middle installment (in a real estate or large purchase deal) |
| 매매maemae | noun buying and selling, trade, sale (especially of real estate) |
| 처분cheobun | noun disposal, getting rid of (property); punishment, disciplinary action |
| 스타트업seutateueop | noun startup (company) |
| 자회사jahoesa | noun subsidiary (company) |
| 법조인beopjoin | noun legal professional (judge, prosecutor or lawyer) |
| 민법minbeop | noun civil law, the Civil Code |
| 형법hyeongbeop | noun criminal law, the Criminal Code |
| 상법sangbeop | noun commercial law, the Commercial Code |
| 무혐의muhyeomui | noun no charges, lack of evidence of guilt (decision not to prosecute) |
| 대법원daebeobwon | noun Supreme Court |
| 재판부jaepanbu | noun the court, the bench, the panel of judges hearing a case |
| 합의금habuigeum | noun settlement money, settlement payment |
| 불구속bulgusok | noun without detention, without arrest (while under investigation or trial) |
| 압수apsu | noun seizure, confiscation |
| 수색susaek | noun search (for a person or evidence), search operation |
| 수사관susagwan | noun investigator, detective |
| 공범gongbeom | noun accomplice, partner in crime |
| 사형sahyeong | noun death penalty, capital punishment |
| 폭행pokhaeng | noun assault, (physical) violence |
| 유괴yugoe | noun kidnapping, abduction (especially of a child) |
| 뺑소니ppaengsoni | noun hit-and-run; running away (after doing something wrong) |
| 조건부jogeonbu | noun conditional, on condition (used before nouns) |
| 등기deunggi | noun registration (of property); registered mail |
| 신상sinsang | noun personal details, identity (of a person) |
| 소년원sonyeonwon | noun juvenile detention center, reformatory |
| 경범죄gyeongbeomjoe | noun minor offense, misdemeanor |
| 흉악범hyungakbeom | noun violent criminal, heinous offender |
| 피해액pihaeaek | noun amount of damage, amount lost |
| 신고자singoja | noun person who reports (to police or authorities), informant, caller |
| 언론인eollonin | noun journalist, member of the press |
| 보도국bodoguk | noun news department, newsroom (of a broadcaster) |
| 단독dandok | noun exclusive (report), scoop; alone, sole |
| 중립jungnip | noun neutrality, impartiality |
| 발행인balhaengin | noun publisher (of a newspaper or magazine) |
| 생중계saengjunggye | noun live broadcast, live coverage |
| 편집장pyeonjipjang | noun editor-in-chief, chief editor |
| 패널paeneol | noun panel, panelist (on a TV show); panel (board) |
| 부제buje | noun subtitle, subheading |
| 프레임peureim | noun frame, framing (the way an issue is presented); frame (of glasses or a picture) |
| 화제성hwajeseong | noun buzz, newsworthiness, how much people talk about something |
| 과대광고gwadaegwanggo | noun false or exaggerated advertising, hype |
| 인플루언서inpeulluenseo | noun (social media) influencer |
| 콘텐츠kontencheu | noun content (media, videos, articles, etc.) |
| 플랫폼peullaetpom | noun platform (digital service); train platform |
| 송출songchul | noun transmission, broadcasting (sending out a signal) |
| 수신료susinnyo | noun license fee, TV reception fee |
| 저널리즘jeoneollijeum | noun journalism |
| 엠바고embago | noun (news) embargo, hold on publication until a set time |
| 브리핑beuriping | noun briefing |
| 좌담회jwadamhoe | noun round-table discussion, panel talk |
| 포털poteol | noun portal (site), web portal (such as Naver or Daum) |
| 검색어geomsaegeo | noun search term, keyword |
| 여론전yeoronjeon | noun battle for public opinion, PR war |
| 철학자cheolhakja | noun philosopher |
| 사상가sasangga | noun thinker, ideologist |
| 지성jiseong | noun intellect, intelligence; intellectuals (as a group) |
| 인간성inganseong | noun humanity, human nature; one's character as a person |
| 인생관insaenggwan | noun outlook on life, philosophy of life |
| 이상주의isangjuui | noun idealism |
| 현실주의hyeonsiljuui | noun realism |
| 합리주의hamnijuui | noun rationalism |
| 실용주의siryongjuui | noun pragmatism |
| 운명론unmyeongnon | noun fatalism |
| 특수성teuksuseong | noun special character, particularity, uniqueness |
| 상대성sangdaeseong | noun relativity |
| 주관jugwan | noun subjectivity, one's own views; personal judgment |
| 객관gaekgwan | noun objectivity, the objective view |
| 비논리적binollijeok | determiner illogical |
| 정당화jeongdanghwa | noun justification |
| 직관적jikgwanjeok | determiner intuitive |
| 각성gakseong | noun awakening, (self-)realization; arousal, alertness |
| 주체적juchejeok | determiner independent, self-directed, autonomous |
| 자율jayul | noun autonomy, self-regulation |
| 대의daeui | noun great cause, greater good |
| 사익saik | noun private interest, personal gain |
| 이기심igisim | noun selfishness, egoism |
| 종교관jonggyogwan | noun religious views, view of religion |
| 신자sinja | noun believer, follower (of a religion) |
| 승려seungnyeo | noun Buddhist monk |
| 목사moksa | noun pastor, minister (Protestant) |
| 예배yebae | noun worship service, worship |
| 설교seolgyo | noun sermon; lecture, preaching (scolding) |
| 유교yugyo | noun Confucianism |
| 불교bulgyo | noun Buddhism |
| 기독교gidokgyo | noun Christianity; Protestantism |
| 천주교cheonjugyo | noun Catholicism, the Catholic Church |
| 세속sesok | noun the secular world, worldly life; common custom |
| 육체yukche | noun the body, flesh (physical body) |
| 심리학자simnihakja | noun psychologist |
| 의식적uisikjeok | determiner conscious, deliberate |
| 본능적bonneungjeok | determiner instinctive |
| 외상oesang | noun trauma, external injury, wound |
| 번아웃beonaut | noun burnout |
| 우월감uwolgam | noun sense of superiority, superiority complex |
| 허무감heomugam | noun sense of emptiness, futility |
| 일체감ilchegam | noun sense of unity, togetherness |
| 원한wonhan | noun grudge, deep resentment |
| 동정심dongjeongsim | noun sympathy, compassion, pity |
| 과민하다gwaminhada | adjective to be oversensitive, hypersensitive |
| 내향적naehyangjeok | determiner introverted |
| 인지적injijeok | determiner cognitive |
| 비합리적bihamnijeok | determiner irrational, unreasonable |
| 주의력juuiryeok | noun attention span, attentiveness, concentration |
| 지능jineung | noun intelligence, intellect |
| 회복력hoebongnyeok | noun resilience, ability to recover |
| 심신simsin | noun mind and body |
| 자제력jajeryeok | noun self-control, self-restraint |
| 의지력uijiryeok | noun willpower |
| 내면화naemyeonhwa | noun internalization |
| 의존성uijonseong | noun dependence, dependency |
| 중독성jungdokseong | noun addictiveness |
| 권태gwontae | noun boredom, weariness, ennui |
| 멘털menteol | noun mental state, mental toughness |
| 본심bonsim | noun one's true intention, real feelings |
| 역사학yeoksahak | noun history (academic discipline), historical studies |
| 역사가yeoksaga | noun historian |
| 기록물girongmul | noun records, archives, documentary materials |
| 고문서gomunseo | noun ancient document, old manuscript |
| 국보gukbo | noun national treasure |
| 근현대사geunhyeondaesa | noun modern and contemporary history |
| 왕조wangjo | noun dynasty |
| 국왕gugwang | noun king, monarch (of a country) |
| 왕세자wangseja | noun crown prince |
| 왕실wangsil | noun royal family, royal household |
| 평민pyeongmin | noun commoner, ordinary people |
| 귀족gwijok | noun aristocrat, nobility |
| 농경nonggyeong | noun farming, agriculture (cultivation) |
| 유목yumok | noun nomadism, nomadic herding |
| 전란jeollan | noun war, turmoil of war |
| 내전naejeon | noun civil war |
| 서구화seoguhwa | noun Westernization |
| 조공jogong | noun tribute (paid to a stronger state) |
| 사신sasin | noun envoy, royal messenger |
| 유생yusaeng | noun Confucian scholar, Confucian student |
| 서원seowon | noun seowon, private Confucian academy |
| 서당seodang | noun traditional village school |
| 혼례hollye | noun wedding ceremony (formal, traditional) |
| 칠순chilsun | noun one's 70th birthday, age seventy |
| 온돌ondol | noun ondol, traditional underfloor heating |
| 기와giwa | noun roof tile (traditional clay) |
| 초가집chogajip | noun thatched-roof house, straw-roofed cottage |
| 전통문화jeontongmunhwa | noun traditional culture |
| 연표yeonpyo | noun chronological table, timeline |
| 태평성대taepyeongseongdae | noun era of peace and prosperity, golden age |
| 외교부oegyobu | noun Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
| 실익sirik | noun actual benefit, real gain |
| 후진국hujinguk | noun underdeveloped country, backward country |
| 제국jeguk | noun empire |
| 적대국jeokdaeguk | noun hostile country, enemy nation |
| 국경선gukgyeongseon | noun border line, national boundary |
| 자주권jajugwon | noun sovereignty, right of self-determination |
| 국방부gukbangbu | noun Ministry of National Defense |
| 미사일misail | noun missile |
| 전술jeonsul | noun tactics |
| 징병jingbyeong | noun conscription, the draft |
| 전역jeonyeok | noun discharge from military service |
| 장교janggyo | noun military officer |
| 사병sabyeong | noun enlisted soldier, private |
| 장병jangbyeong | noun officers and enlisted soldiers, troops |
| 테러리스트tereoriseuteu | noun terrorist |
| 탈북자talbukja | noun North Korean defector |
| 국제화gukjehwa | noun internationalization, globalization |
| 접경jeopgyeong | noun border area, borderland |
| 연구비yeongubi | noun research funding, research grant |
| 학술haksul | noun scholarship, academics, academic study |
| 서론seoron | noun introduction (of an essay or paper) |
| 본론bollon | noun main body, main point |
| 학설hakseol | noun theory, academic doctrine |
| 통설tongseol | noun generally accepted view, common theory |
| 실증적siljeungjeok | determiner empirical, based on evidence |
| 계측gyecheuk | noun measurement, gauging |
| 정확도jeonghwakdo | noun accuracy, precision |
| 과학계gwahakgye | noun the scientific community, scientific world |
| 약학yakhak | noun pharmacy (field of study), pharmacology |
| 박테리아bakteria | noun bacteria |
| 호흡hoheup | noun breathing, respiration |
| 산성sanseong | noun acidity, acidic (nature) |
| 연소yeonso | noun combustion, burning |
| 속력songnyeok | noun speed, velocity |
| 전압jeonap | noun voltage |
| 양자yangja | noun quantum |
| 블랙홀beullaekhol | noun black hole |
| 지층jicheung | noun stratum, rock layer |
| 유독yudok | noun toxicity, being poisonous |
| 하수hasu | noun sewage, wastewater |
| 오수osu | noun dirty water, sewage |
| 지하자원jihajawon | noun underground resources, mineral resources |
| 빙산bingsan | noun iceberg |
| 극지방geukjibang | noun polar regions |
| 혹서hokseo | noun intense heat, scorching summer heat |
| 원유wonyu | noun crude oil |
| 송전탑songjeontap | noun power transmission tower, electricity pylon |
| 절수jeolsu | noun water saving, water conservation |
| 하이브리드haibeurideu | noun hybrid; hybrid car |
| 저탄소jeotanso | noun low-carbon |
| 그린벨트geurinbelteu | noun greenbelt, development-restricted zone |
| 어업eoeop | noun fishing industry, fisheries |
| 임업imeop | noun forestry |
| 축산업chuksaneop | noun livestock farming, animal husbandry |
| 광업gwangeop | noun mining industry |
| 건설업geonseoreop | noun construction industry |
| 유통업yutongeop | noun distribution industry, retail and wholesale |
| 운송업unsongeop | noun transportation industry, shipping business |
| 섬유seomyu | noun fiber, textile |
| 기계화gigyehwa | noun mechanization |
| 규격화gyugyeokhwa | noun standardization |
| 반제품banjepum | noun semi-finished product |
| 조립jorip | noun assembly, putting together |
| 가공식품gagongsikpum | noun processed food |
| 제조사jejosa | noun manufacturer, maker |
| 제작사jejaksa | noun production company, producer |
| 출하chulha | noun shipment, shipping (of goods) |
| 불량bullyang | noun defect, poor quality; delinquency |
| 아웃소싱autsosing | noun outsourcing |
| 공단gongdan | noun industrial complex |
| 개발자gaebalja | noun developer (especially software) |
| 무인muin | noun unmanned, staffless, self-service |
| 디스플레이diseupeullei | noun display, screen |
| 현지화hyeonjihwa | noun localization |
| 수급자sugeupja | noun benefit recipient, welfare recipient |
| 고소득층gosodeukcheung | noun high-income bracket, the wealthy |
| 결식아동gyeolsigadong | noun children who skip meals, underfed children |
| 출생률chulsaengnyul | noun birth rate |
| 보육boyuk | noun childcare |
| 워라밸worabael | noun work-life balance |
| 남녀평등namnyeopyeongdeung | noun gender equality |
| 강자gangja | noun the strong, powerful player |
| 정의롭다jeonguiropda | adjective to be just, righteous, fair |
| 일용직iryongjik | noun day labor, day laborer |
| 파견직pagyeonjik | noun dispatched worker, temp agency job |
| 구직난gujingnan | noun job-hunting difficulty, tough job market |
| 전세난jeonsenan | noun jeonse housing shortage |
| 젠트리피케이션jenteuripikeisyeon | noun gentrification |
| 귀촌gwichon | noun moving to the countryside, rural relocation (from the city) |
| 교통난gyotongnan | noun traffic congestion, transportation problems |
| 후원금huwongeum | noun donation, sponsorship money, financial support |
| 풀뿌리pulppuri | noun grassroots; grass roots |
| 교육청gyoyukcheong | noun regional office of education, education office |
| 특목고teungmokgo | noun special-purpose high school (e.g., science or foreign-language high school) |
| 대입daeip | noun college admission, university entrance (exams) |
| 입학사정관iphaksajeonggwan | noun admissions officer |
| 학생부haksaengbu | noun student record, school record |
| 면접시험myeonjeopsiheom | noun interview (as part of an exam or hiring), oral interview test |
| 삼수samsu | noun third attempt at the college entrance exam (after failing twice) |
| 학원가hagwonga | noun private academy district, cram school area |
| 암기식amgisik | noun rote memorization (style), memorization-based |
| 토론식toronsik | noun discussion-based (style), debate format |
| 교수법gyosubeop | noun teaching method, pedagogy |
| 부전공bujeongong | noun minor (academic) |
| 정학jeonghak | noun suspension (from school) |
| 편입생pyeonipsaeng | noun transfer student (into a college) |
| 동문dongmun | noun alumni, fellow graduates (of the same school) |
| 교수진gyosujin | noun faculty, teaching staff |
| 교직gyojik | noun teaching profession |
| 교원gyowon | noun teacher (official term), teaching staff |
| 석차seokcha | noun class rank, standing |
| 등수deungsu | noun rank, place (in a ranking) |
| 배점baejeom | noun points allotted (to a question), score allocation |
| 유급yugeup | noun being held back (a grade), repeating a year |
| 장학생janghaksaeng | noun scholarship student, scholarship recipient |
| 학풍hakpung | noun academic tradition, intellectual climate (of a school) |
| 교양인gyoyangin | noun cultured person, well-educated person |
| 지성인jiseongin | noun intellectual, educated person |
| 문맹률munmaengnyul | noun illiteracy rate |
| 독해력dokhaeryeok | noun reading comprehension (ability) |
| 교권gyogwon | noun teachers' rights, teachers' authority |
| 향학열hyanghangnyeol | noun zeal for learning, eagerness to study |
| 면학myeonhak | noun diligent study, studying hard |
| 고학력gohangnyeok | noun high level of education, highly educated |
| 저학력jeohangnyeok | noun low level of education, poorly educated |
| 심포지엄simpojieom | noun symposium |
| 발제balje | noun presenting a topic for discussion, seminar presentation |
| 토론자toronja | noun discussant, panelist, debater |
| 청강cheonggang | noun auditing (a class), sitting in on a lecture |
| 강연회gangyeonhoe | noun lecture (event), public talk |
| 특강teukgang | noun special lecture, guest lecture |
| 학제hakje | noun school system, educational system |
| 고급문화gogeummunhwa | noun high culture |
| 창작자changjakja | noun creator, author (of original work) |
| 창조성changjoseong | noun creativity, originality |
| 심미적simmijeok | determiner aesthetic |
| 색감saekgam | noun color sense, feel of the colors |
| 추상화chusanghwa | noun abstract painting |
| 초상화chosanghwa | noun portrait (painting) |
| 풍경화punggyeonghwa | noun landscape painting |
| 수채화suchaehwa | noun watercolor (painting) |
| 유화yuhwa | noun oil painting |
| 동양화dongyanghwa | noun East Asian painting, Oriental painting |
| 서양화seoyanghwa | noun Western painting, Western-style art |
| 판화panhwa | noun print, printmaking (e.g., woodcut, etching) |
| 개인전gaeinjeon | noun solo exhibition |
| 공예품gongyepum | noun handicraft, craft item |
| 문학가munhakga | noun literary figure, writer, man/woman of letters |
| 수필가supilga | noun essayist |
| 명저myeongjeo | noun great book, masterpiece (of writing) |
| 의인화uinhwa | noun personification, anthropomorphism |
| 오페라opera | noun opera |
| 단역danyeok | noun bit part, minor role, extra |
| 열연yeoryeon | noun passionate performance, intense acting |
| 연기력yeongiryeok | noun acting ability, acting skills |
| 악평akpyeong | noun harsh review, bad review, criticism |
| 음악가eumakga | noun musician |
| 편곡pyeongok | noun (musical) arrangement |
| 협주곡hyeopjugok | noun concerto |
| 문화적munhwajeok | determiner cultural |
| 의술uisul | noun medical skill, medicine (as an art) |
| 의학적uihakjeok | determiner medical, medically |
| 조제joje | noun dispensing medicine, compounding (a prescription) |
| 효험hyoheom | noun efficacy, (proven) effect |
| 입원실ibwonsil | noun hospital room, ward |
| 수술실susulsil | noun operating room |
| 병동byeongdong | noun ward (in a hospital) |
| 외래oerae | noun outpatient (care); coming from outside |
| 요양원yoyangwon | noun nursing home, care home; sanatorium |
| 간호ganho | noun nursing, care (of the sick) |
| 정형외과jeonghyeongoegwa | noun orthopedics; orthopedic clinic |
| 이비인후과ibiinhugwa | noun ENT (ear, nose and throat) clinic; otolaryngology |
| 한의학hanuihak | noun traditional Korean medicine |
| 병명byeongmyeong | noun name of a disease, diagnosis |
| 전염성jeonyeomseong | noun contagiousness, infectiousness |
| 팬데믹paendemik | noun pandemic |
| 저항력jeohangnyeok | noun resistance (to disease), immunity |
| 암세포amsepo | noun cancer cell |
| 항암hangam | noun anticancer, fighting cancer (esp. chemotherapy) |
| 디스크diseukeu | noun herniated (slipped) disc; disc |
| 간염ganyeom | noun hepatitis |
| 아토피atopi | noun atopic dermatitis, eczema |
| 빈혈binhyeol | noun anemia |
| 탈수talsu | noun dehydration; spin-drying (laundry) |
| 영양실조yeongyangsiljo | noun malnutrition |
| 무기질mugijil | noun minerals (nutrient) |
| 맥박maekbak | noun pulse |
| 심박수simbaksu | noun heart rate |
| 기증자gijeungja | noun donor (of organs, blood, goods) |
| 회복기hoebokgi | noun recovery period, convalescence |
| 환자식hwanjasik | noun hospital food, meals for patients |
| 개인위생gaeinwisaeng | noun personal hygiene |
| 이르다ireuda | verb to reach, arrive at; to lead to (a result) |
| 놓이다noida | verb to be placed, be put; to be in (a situation) |
| 항의하다hanguihada | verb to protest, complain (formally) |
| 외면하다oemyeonhada | verb to turn away from, ignore, look away |
| 배치하다baechihada | verb to deploy, station; to arrange, place |
| 혼란스럽다hollanseureopda | adjective confusing; confused, chaotic |
| 캐묻다kaemutda | verb to question closely, grill, pry |
| 노리다norida | verb to aim at, target; to watch for (a chance) |
| 겹치다gyeopchida | verb to overlap; to coincide, clash (schedules); to pile up |
| 고립되다goripdoeda | verb to be isolated, be cut off |
| 생생하다saengsaenghada | adjective vivid; fresh, lively |
| 비판적bipanjeok | determiner critical |
| 공격적gonggyeokjeok | determiner aggressive, offensive |
| 야망yamang | noun ambition |
| 틀림없이teullimeopsi | adverb surely, without a doubt, certainly |
| 변함없이byeonhameopsi | adverb unchangingly, as always, constantly |
| 끝없이kkeudeopsi | adverb endlessly, without end |
| 수없이sueopsi | adverb countless times, innumerably |
| 꼼꼼히kkomkkomhi | adverb carefully, thoroughly, meticulously |
| 안절부절anjeolbujeol | adverb restlessly, fidgeting, on pins and needles |
| 경기 부양gyeonggi buyang | noun economic stimulus |
| 국내 총생산gungnae chongsaengsan | noun gross domestic product (GDP) |
| 소비 심리sobi simni | noun consumer sentiment |
| 무역 수지muyeok suji | noun balance of trade, trade balance |
| 보호 무역boho muyeok | noun protectionism, protective trade |
| 자유 무역jayu muyeok | noun free trade |
| 시장 경제sijang gyeongje | noun market economy |
| 양적 완화yangjeok wanhwa | noun quantitative easing |
| 가계 부채gagye buchae | noun household debt |
| 집행 유예jiphaeng yuye | noun suspended sentence, probation |
| 압수 수색apsu susaek | noun search and seizure (raid) |
| 명예 훼손myeongye hweson | noun defamation, libel, slander |
| 공소 시효gongso sihyo | noun statute of limitations (criminal) |
| 내부 고발naebu gobal | noun whistleblowing |
| 언론 자유eollon jayu | noun freedom of the press, freedom of speech |
| 알 권리al gwolli | noun the right to know |
| 정정 보도jeongjeong bodo | noun correction (published by the media) |
| 자유 의지jayu uiji | noun free will |
| 방어 기제bangeo gije | noun defense mechanism (psychology) |
| 고정 관념gojeong gwannyeom | noun stereotype, fixed idea |
| 확증 편향hwakjeung pyeonhyang | noun confirmation bias |
| 감정 노동gamjeong nodong | noun emotional labor |
| 피해 의식pihae uisik | noun persecution complex, victim mentality |
| 금단 현상geumdan hyeonsang | noun withdrawal symptoms |
| 군중 심리gunjung simni | noun herd mentality, crowd psychology |
| 선사 시대seonsa sidae | noun prehistoric times, prehistory |
| 일제 강점기ilje gangjeomgi | noun Japanese colonial period (1910–1945) |
| 정상 회담jeongsang hoedam | noun summit (meeting of heads of state) |
| 경제 제재gyeongje jejae | noun economic sanctions |
| 내정 간섭naejeong ganseop | noun interference in internal affairs |
| 평화 유지군pyeonghwa yujigun | noun peacekeeping force, peacekeepers |
| 개발 도상국gaebal dosangguk | noun developing country |
| 이중 국적ijung gukjeok | noun dual citizenship, dual nationality |
| 임상 시험imsang siheom | noun clinical trial |
| 먹이 사슬meogi saseul | noun food chain |
| 온실 효과onsil hyogwa | noun greenhouse effect |
| 이산화 탄소isanhwa tanso | noun carbon dioxide |
| 대기 오염daegi oyeom | noun air pollution |
| 수질 오염sujil oyeom | noun water pollution |
| 멸종 위기종myeoljong wigijong | noun endangered species |
| 재생 에너지jaesaeng eneoji | noun renewable energy |
| 지속 가능성jisok ganeungseong | noun sustainability |
| 탄소 발자국tanso baljaguk | noun carbon footprint |
| 전자 상거래jeonja sanggeorae | noun e-commerce |
| 사물 인터넷samul inteonet | noun Internet of Things, IoT |
| 가상 화폐gasang hwapye | noun virtual currency, cryptocurrency |
| 부가 가치buga gachi | noun added value, value added |
| 사회 안전망sahoe anjeonmang | noun social safety net |
| 취약 계층chwiyak gyecheung | noun vulnerable groups, the disadvantaged |
| 인구 절벽ingu jeolbyeok | noun demographic cliff, population cliff |
| 경력 단절gyeongnyeok danjeol | noun career break, career interruption |
| 유리 천장yuri cheonjang | noun glass ceiling |
| 집단 따돌림jipdan ttadollim | noun group bullying, ostracism |
| 안전 불감증anjeon bulgamjeung | noun complacency about safety, safety insensitivity |
| 외모 지상주의oemo jisangjuui | noun lookism |
| 시민 단체simin danche | noun civic group, civil society organization |
| 비정부 기구bijeongbu gigu | noun non-governmental organization, NGO |
| 선행 학습seonhaeng hakseup | noun studying ahead, advance learning |
| 상대 평가sangdae pyeongga | noun relative grading, grading on a curve |
| 절대 평가jeoldae pyeongga | noun absolute grading, criterion-referenced assessment |
| 비판적 사고bipanjeok sago | noun critical thinking |
| 원격 수업wongyeok sueop | noun remote class, online class |
| 순수 예술sunsu yesul | noun fine art, pure art |
| 설치 미술seolchi misul | noun installation art |
| 문화 교류munhwa gyoryu | noun cultural exchange |
| 만성 질환manseong jilhwan | noun chronic disease, chronic illness |
| 집단 면역jipdan myeonyeok | noun herd immunity |
| 연명 치료yeonmyeong chiryo | noun life-sustaining treatment, life support |
| 기대 수명gidae sumyeong | noun life expectancy |
| 역학 조사yeokhak josa | noun epidemiological investigation, contact tracing |
| 장기 기증janggi gijeung | noun organ donation |
| 결집하다gyeoljipada | verb to rally, to unite, to gather (forces) |
| 규합하다gyuhapada | verb to rally, to bring together (people, forces) |
| 나열하다nayeolhada | verb to list, to enumerate, to line up |
| 예시하다yesihada | verb to give an example, to illustrate |
| 상술하다sangsulhada | verb to explain in detail, to elaborate |
| 부연하다buyeonhada | verb to elaborate, to expand on, to explain further |
| 첨언하다cheomeonhada | verb to add a remark, to add a word |
| 확언하다hwageonhada | verb to state definitively, to affirm, to assert |
| 장담하다jangdamhada | verb to guarantee, to assure, to bet (that) |
| 호언장담hoeonjangdam | noun big talk, boasting, bold promise |
| 자부하다jabuhada | verb to pride oneself on, to be proud of |
| 상신하다sangsinhada | verb to submit to a superior (for approval), to report up |
| 회부하다hoebuhada | verb to refer (to a court or committee), to submit |
| 이관하다igwanhada | verb to transfer (management or jurisdiction) |
| 위탁하다witakada | verb to entrust, to consign, to outsource |
| 위촉하다wichokada | verb to commission, to appoint (as an adviser or member) |
| 청구하다cheongguhada | verb to claim, to bill, to demand (payment) |
| 징계하다jinggyehada | verb to discipline, to take disciplinary action |
| 문책하다munchaekada | verb to hold accountable, to reprimand |
| 견책gyeonchaek | noun reprimand, official reproof |
| 질책하다jilchaekada | verb to rebuke, to scold, to reproach |
| 훈계하다hungyehada | verb to admonish, to lecture (morally) |
| 타이르다taireuda | verb to gently admonish, to reason with, to talk someone into behaving |
| 나무라다namurada | verb to scold, to reproach; to find fault with |
| 책망하다chaengmanghada | verb to reproach, to blame |
| 힐난하다hillanhada | verb to censure, to reproach harshly |
| 매도하다maedohada | verb to denounce, to condemn, to vilify |
| 모독하다modokada | verb to insult, to defame, to profane |
| 경멸하다gyeongmyeolhada | verb to despise, to scorn, to hold in contempt |
| 멸시하다myeolsihada | verb to look down on, to disdain |
| 천대하다cheondaehada | verb to treat with contempt, to treat as inferior |
| 푸대접pudaejeop | noun cold treatment, poor hospitality, shabby treatment |
| 홀대하다holdaehada | verb to treat coldly, to neglect |
| 예우하다yeuhada | verb to treat with respect, to honor |
| 양해하다yanghaehada | verb to understand and excuse, to be understanding |
| 감안하다gamanhada | verb to take into account, to consider |
| 염두에 두다yeomdue duda | expression to keep in mind, to bear in mind |
| 명심하다myeongsimhada | verb to keep in mind, to take to heart |
| 각인되다gagindoeda | verb to be imprinted, to be engraved (in one's mind) |
| 상기하다sanggihada | verb to recall, to call to mind, to bring back to mind |
| 되새기다doesaegida | verb to reflect on, to go over again in one's mind; to chew the cud |
| 곱씹다gopssipda | verb to chew over, to dwell on, to mull over; to chew repeatedly |
| 음미하다eummihada | verb to savor, to appreciate; to ponder, to reflect on |
| 회상하다hoesanghada | verb to recall, to look back on, to reminisce about |
| 술회하다sulhoehada | verb to recount (one's feelings or past), to reminisce aloud |
| 추억하다chueokada | verb to reminisce about, to remember fondly |
| 기리다girida | verb to honor, to commemorate, to pay tribute to |
| 추모하다chumohada | verb to commemorate (the dead), to mourn and honor |
| 애도하다aedohada | verb to mourn, to grieve, to express condolences |
| 위안wian | noun comfort, consolation, solace |
| 어루만지다eorumanjida | verb to stroke, to caress; to soothe, to console |
| 보듬다bodeumda | verb to hold close, to embrace; to care for, to look after lovingly |
| 두둔하다dudunhada | verb to take someone's side, to stick up for, to defend (often unfairly) |
| 옹호하다onghohada | verb to defend, to advocate, to champion |
| 지지하다jijihada | verb to support, to back, to endorse |
| 성원하다seongwonhada | verb to cheer on, to root for, to support |
| 가세하다gasehada | verb to join in, to side with, to add one's strength |
| 합세하다hapsehada | verb to join forces, to team up |
| 결탁하다gyeoltakada | verb to collude, to be in cahoots |
| 공모하다gongmohada | verb to conspire, to plot together |
| 야합하다yahapada | verb to make an illicit deal, to collude (in an unprincipled alliance) |
| 밀약miryak | noun secret agreement, secret pact |
| 배후baehu | noun the force behind (something), mastermind; the rear |
| 흑막heungmak | noun hidden scheme, behind-the-scenes intrigue, dark secret |
| 실세silse | noun real power, power broker, the person really in charge |
| 거물geomul | noun big shot, heavyweight, magnate |
| 원로wollo | noun elder, senior figure, veteran (in a field) |
| 중진jungjin | noun leading figure, senior member, heavyweight (of a party or field) |
| 신예sinye | noun up-and-comer, rising star, promising newcomer |
| 선발대seonbaldae | noun advance party, advance team |
| 주역juyeok | noun leading role, key player, main driver |
| 주축juchuk | noun mainstay, backbone, core |
| 구심점gusimjeom | noun rallying point, center of unity, focal point |
| 중추jungchu | noun hub, core, backbone; nerve center |
| 요직yojik | noun key post, important position |
| 고위직gowijik | noun high-ranking position, senior post |
| 말단maldan | noun lowest rank, bottom rung; tip, extremity |
| 기량giryang | noun skill, ability, prowess |
| 수완suwan | noun skill, knack, savvy (in dealing with business or people) |
| 재량jaeryang | noun discretion, judgment |
| 천성cheonseong | noun nature, innate character, disposition |
| 덕망deongmang | noun moral standing, respect earned through virtue |
| 명성myeongseong | noun fame, reputation, renown |
| 오명omyeong | noun disgrace, bad name, stigma |
| 누명numyeong | noun false accusation, false charge, being framed |
| 낙인nagin | noun brand, stigma, label |
| 불명예bulmyeongye | noun dishonor, disgrace |
| 수모sumo | noun humiliation, insult (that one suffers) |
| 굴욕guryok | noun humiliation, indignity |
| 치욕chiyok | noun deep shame, disgrace, humiliation |
| 설움seorum | noun sorrow, grief (from hardship, neglect or mistreatment) |
| 한han | noun han, deep-seated grief, unresolved sorrow and resentment; lifelong regret |
| 미련miryeon | noun lingering attachment, regret, not being able to let go |
| 향수hyangsu | noun nostalgia, homesickness |
| 애착aechak | noun attachment, fondness |
| 애정aejeong | noun affection, love |
| 애증aejeung | noun love-hate, mixed love and hatred |
| 정jeong | noun jeong, affection, warm attachment, emotional bond |
| 도량doryang | noun magnanimity, broad-mindedness, generosity of spirit |
| 아량aryang | noun generosity, tolerance, graciousness |
| 관용성gwanyongseong | noun tolerance, broad-mindedness |
| 배포baepo | noun boldness, guts, nerve; big-heartedness |
| 담력damnyeok | noun courage, nerve, guts |
| 기백gibaek | noun spirit, vigor, mettle |
| 투지tuji | noun fighting spirit, will to win |
| 근성geunseong | noun grit, tenacity; (deep-rooted) nature, mentality |
| 자만심jamansim | noun conceit, arrogance, overconfidence |
| 긍지geungji | noun pride, dignity (in one's role or group) |
| 위신wisin | noun prestige, dignity, standing |
| 체면chemyeon | noun face, dignity, appearances |
| 면목myeonmok | noun face, honor (to face someone) |
| 처지cheoji | noun situation, position, circumstances |
| 신세sinse | noun lot in life, plight, situation |
| 팔자palja | noun fate, destiny, one's lot |
| 요행yohaeng | noun luck, fluke, chance |
| 불운burun | noun bad luck, misfortune |
| 액운aegun | noun ill fortune, bad luck, calamity |
| 재앙jaeang | noun disaster, catastrophe, calamity |
| 화근hwageun | noun root of trouble, source of misfortune |
| 불씨bulssi | noun ember, spark; seed (of conflict or trouble) |
| 도화선dohwaseon | noun fuse; trigger, spark (that sets off an event) |
| 기폭제gipokje | noun detonator; catalyst, trigger (for change) |
| 촉매제chongmaeje | noun catalyst (chemical or figurative) |
| 활력소hwallyeokso | noun source of energy, tonic, something that brings life |
| 걸림돌georimdol | noun stumbling block, obstacle |
| 디딤돌didimdol | noun stepping stone; foundation for progress |
| 밑거름mitgeoreum | noun base fertilizer; foundation, groundwork (for later success) |
| 초석choseok | noun cornerstone, foundation stone; foundation |
| 주춧돌juchutdol | noun pillar base stone; cornerstone, foundation |
| 버팀목beotimmok | noun prop, support beam; mainstay, pillar of support |
| 보루boru | noun fort, stronghold; bastion, last line of defense |
| 울타리ultari | noun fence, hedge; protective shelter, safe circle (figurative) |
| 사각지대sagakjidae | noun blind spot; area left unprotected or overlooked |
| 그늘geuneul | noun shade, shadow; dark side, gloom; protection (of someone) |
| 득실deuksil | noun gains and losses, pros and cons |
| 손익sonik | noun profit and loss |
| 이해관계ihaegwangye | noun interests, stake; conflicting interests |
| 이해득실ihaedeuksil | noun pros and cons, gains and losses, what's in it for oneself |
| 속셈soksem | noun hidden intention, ulterior motive; mental arithmetic |
| 꿍꿍이kkungkkungi | noun secret scheme, something someone is up to |
| 속임수sogimsu | noun trick, deception, cheating |
| 술수sulsu | noun trickery, scheme, cunning tactics |
| 계략gyeryak | noun scheme, plot, ruse |
| 책략chaengnyak | noun stratagem, strategy, tactics |
| 묘책myochaek | noun clever plan, ingenious solution |
| 고육지책goyukjichaek | noun desperate measure involving self-sacrifice, painful last resort |
| 궁여지책gungyeojichaek | noun last resort, desperate measure (when out of options) |
| 미봉책mibongchaek | noun stopgap measure, makeshift fix, band-aid solution |
| 임시방편imsibangpyeon | noun temporary expedient, stopgap, quick fix |
| 자구책jaguchaek | noun self-help measure, self-rescue plan |
| 고언goeon | noun bitter advice, frank criticism given for one's good |
| 조언자joeonja | noun advisor, counselor, mentor |
| 훈수hunsu | noun unsolicited advice (orig. from a game onlooker), kibitzing |
| 뒷말dwinmal | noun gossip, talk behind one's back; the rest of what was said |
| 험담heomdam | noun badmouthing, slander, speaking ill of someone |
| 비아냥biayang | noun sarcasm, sneering remarks |
| 빈정거림binjeonggeorim | noun snide remarks, sarcasm, needling |
| 조롱jorong | noun ridicule, mockery, derision |
| 야유yayu | noun jeering, booing, heckling |
| 환호hwanho | noun cheering, cheers, shouts of joy |
| 갈채galchae | noun applause, acclaim, ovation |
| 박수갈채baksugalchae | noun thunderous applause, ovation |
| 광풍gwangpung | noun violent wind, gale; frenzy, mania |
| 열풍yeolpung | noun craze, fever, boom; hot wind |
| 돌풍dolpung | noun sensation, upset, stir; sudden gust of wind |
| 붐bum | noun boom, craze |
| 신드롬sindeurom | noun syndrome; social phenomenon, craze |
| 유행어yuhaengeo | noun buzzword, catchphrase, popular expression |
| 신조어sinjoeo | noun newly coined word, neologism |
| 은어euneo | noun slang, jargon, secret language of a group |
| 비속어bisogeo | noun vulgar language, profanity, crude slang |
| 어원eowon | noun etymology, origin of a word |
| 어감eogam | noun nuance, feel or connotation of a word |
| 뉘앙스nwiangseu | noun nuance, subtle shade of meaning |
| 함의hamui | noun implication, connotation, underlying meaning |
| 행간haenggan | noun between the lines; space between lines |
| 얼버무리다eolbeomurida | verb to evade, give a vague answer, mumble one's way out |
| 둘러대다dulleodaeda | verb to make up an excuse, explain away, cover up with an excuse |
| 부풀리다bupullida | verb to inflate, blow up; to exaggerate |
| 덮어씌우다deopeossiuda | verb to cover (something over); to pin the blame on, frame |
| 떠넘기다tteoneomgida | verb to shift (responsibility or work) onto someone, pass the buck |
| 발뺌하다balppaemhada | verb to deny involvement, wriggle out of responsibility |
| 시치미sichimi | noun feigned ignorance, playing dumb (in 시치미를 떼다) |
| 변명하다byeonmyeonghada | verb to make excuses, justify oneself, explain oneself |
| 핑계pinggye | noun excuse, pretext |
| 빌미bilmi | noun pretext, cause, opening (for something bad to happen) |
| 꼬투리kkoturi | noun pod (of beans); something to nitpick, a flaw to pick on |
| 트집teujip | noun faultfinding, nitpicking, picking a fight over nothing |
| 억지eokji | noun unreasonable insistence, stubbornness; forcing something |
| 떼tte | noun stubborn demand, tantrum (in 떼를 쓰다) |
| 투정tujeong | noun whining, grumbling, fussing (like a child) |
| 불평불만bulpyeongbulman | noun complaints and grievances, discontent |
| 하소연hasoyeon | noun pouring out one's troubles, appeal for sympathy |
| 넋두리neokduri | noun lament, grumbling monologue, rambling complaint |
| 푸념puneom | noun grumbling, complaining; a lament over one's lot |
| 한탄하다hantanhada | verb to lament, to bemoan, to sigh over |
| 개탄하다gaetanhada | verb to deplore, to lament (a social situation) |
| 통탄하다tongtanhada | verb to deeply lament, to bitterly deplore |
| 탄식하다tansikada | verb to sigh (in grief or regret), to heave a sigh |
| 자책하다jachaekada | verb to blame oneself, to reproach oneself |
| 후회스럽다huhoeseureopda | adjective regrettable, full of regret |
| 뉘우치다nwiuchida | verb to repent, to feel remorse |
| 반성문banseongmun | noun written apology, letter of self-reflection (school, etc.) |
| 참회chamhoe | noun repentance, penitence, confession |
| 사죄하다sajoehada | verb to apologize formally, to beg forgiveness |
| 사과문sagwamun | noun (public) apology statement, letter of apology |
| 경위서gyeongwiseo | noun written account of an incident, incident report |
| 시말서simalseo | noun written explanation and apology for a mistake (at work) |
| 각서gakseo | noun written pledge, memorandum, signed promise |
| 서약seoyak | noun oath, pledge, vow |
| 맹세maengse | noun oath, vow, swearing |
| 결의gyeorui | noun determination, resolve |
| 작정하다jakjeonghada | verb to make up one's mind, to be determined to, to intend |
| 벼르다byeoreuda | verb to be eager for a chance, to bide one's time (to do something); to plan to get back at |
| 도전장dojeonjang | noun challenge, letter of challenge |
| 출사표chulsapyo | noun declaration of entry (into a race or competition) |
| 승부수seungbusu | noun decisive move, game-changing gamble |
| 반격bangyeok | noun counterattack, fighting back |
| 설욕seoryok | noun revenge (for a defeat), vindication |
| 만회하다manhoehada | verb to make up for, to recover, to retrieve (a loss or setback) |
| 회복세hoebokse | noun recovery trend, signs of recovery |
| 상승세sangseungse | noun upward trend, rising momentum; winning streak |
| 하락폭harakpok | noun size of a drop, margin of decline |
| 낙폭nakpok | noun size of a fall, drop (in prices or values) |
| 증가폭jeunggapok | noun size of an increase, margin of growth |
| 감소세gamsose | noun downward trend, declining trend |
| 둔화세dunhwase | noun slowdown, slowing trend |
| 오름세oreumse | noun upward trend, rise (in prices) |
| 내림세naerimse | noun downward trend, decline (in prices) |
| 보합세bohapse | noun flat trend, holding steady (prices) |
| 저고리jeogori | noun jeogori (hanbok jacket) |
| 팽이치기paengichigi | noun spinning tops (traditional top-whipping game) |
| 널뛰기neolttwigi | noun neolttwigi (Korean seesaw jumping) |
| 딱지치기ttakjichigi | noun ddakji (paper tile flipping game) |
| 때밀이ttaemiri | noun body scrubbing; bathhouse scrubber |
| 양머리yangmeori | noun "sheep head" towel hat (worn at jjimjilbang) |
| 덕질deokjil | noun being a devoted fan, fangirling/fanboying |
| 입덕ipdeok | noun becoming a fan (of someone) |
| 사전 녹화sajeon nokhwa | noun pre-recording (of a music show stage) |
| 엔딩 요정ending yojeong | noun "ending fairy" (member in the close-up at the end of a performance) |
| 칼군무kalgunmu | noun perfectly synchronized group dance |
| 데뷔조debwijo | noun debut team, group of trainees set to debut |
| 출생의 비밀chulsaengui bimil | expression secret of one's birth (classic drama twist) |
| 기억 상실gieok sangsil | noun memory loss, amnesia |
| 막장makjang | noun makjang (outrageous, over-the-top drama plot) |
| 본방사수bonbangsasu | noun watching a show live when it first airs |
| 휴재hyujae | noun hiatus, break (from a serialized work) |
| 떡밥tteokbap | noun hint, foreshadowing, clue (for fans to speculate on) |
| 짤jjal | noun meme image, reaction pic |
| 인싸inssa | noun popular, outgoing person (insider) |
| 꿀잼kkuljaem | noun super fun, really entertaining |
| 읽씹ikssip | noun leaving a message on read (without replying) |
| 프사peusa | noun profile picture |
| 명복myeongbok | noun happiness in the afterlife (as in 명복을 빌다, 'rest in peace') |
| 빈소binso | noun funeral altar room, memorial room for mourners |
| 불멍bulmeong | noun zoning out while gazing at a fire |
| 108배baekpalbae | noun 108 bows (Buddhist prostration practice) |
| 창호지changhoji | noun traditional paper for doors and windows |
| 품새pumsae | noun poomsae (taekwondo forms) |
| 해몽haemong | noun dream interpretation |
| 눈에 넣어도 아프지 않다nune neoeodo apeuji anta | expression to adore (a child) completely, to be the apple of one's eye (lit. it wouldn't hurt even if put in one's eye) |
| 눈에 밟히다nune balpida | expression to keep coming to mind, to be unable to stop thinking about (someone or something left behind) (lit. to be stepped on in the eyes) |
| 입만 살다imman salda | expression to be all talk (and no action) (lit. only the mouth is alive) |
| 귀가 솔깃하다gwiga solgitada | expression to find something tempting, to prick up one's ears (at an offer) |
| 발을 동동 구르다bareul dongdong gureuda | expression to be frantic with worry or impatience, to be beside oneself (lit. to stamp one's feet) |
| 머리가 굳다meoriga gutda | expression to be slow to learn new things, one's mind gets rusty; to become rigid in one's thinking (lit. the head hardens) |
| 간이 붓다gani butda | expression to get far too bold, to have a lot of nerve (lit. the liver swells) |
| 깨가 쏟아지다kkaega ssodajida | expression (of a couple) to be blissfully happy together, to be lovey-dovey (lit. sesame seeds pour out) |
| 김칫국부터 마시다gimchitgukbuteo masida | expression to count one's chickens before they hatch, to get ahead of oneself (lit. to drink the kimchi broth first) |
| 간에 기별도 안 가다gane gibyeoldo an gada | expression to be far too little food to fill one up, to barely take the edge off one's hunger (lit. not even word of it reaches the liver) |
| 찬밥 신세chanbap sinse | expression being left out in the cold, being treated as unwanted (lit. the lot of cold rice) |
| 죽도 밥도 안 되다jukdo bapdo an doeda | expression to come to nothing, to end up a total mess (by doing things halfway) (lit. to become neither porridge nor rice) |
| 밥 먹듯 하다bap meokdeut hada | expression to do something all the time, as a habit (usually something bad) (lit. to do it like eating rice) |
| 가슴이 철렁하다gaseumi cheolleonghada | expression one's heart sinks, to be startled (by sudden fear or shock) |
| 가슴이 찢어지다gaseumi jjijeojida | expression to be heartbroken, to be torn apart with grief or pity (lit. the chest tears apart) |
| 피가 거꾸로 솟다piga geokkuro sotda | expression to be furious, one's blood boils (lit. the blood surges backward) |
| 호랑이도 제 말 하면 온다horangido je mal hamyeon onda | expression speak of the devil (lit. even a tiger comes when you talk about it) |
| 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다wonsungido namueseo tteoreojinda | expression even experts make mistakes, anyone can slip up (lit. even monkeys fall from trees) |
| 개천에서 용 난다gaecheoneseo yong nanda | expression a great person can rise from humble origins (lit. a dragon comes out of a small stream) |
| 천 리 길도 한 걸음부터cheolli gildo han georeumbuteo | expression a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step |
| 시작이 반이다sijagi banida | expression getting started is half the battle (lit. the beginning is half) |
| 고생 끝에 낙이 온다gosaeng kkeute nagi onda | expression after hardship comes happiness; no pain, no gain |
| 하늘은 스스로 돕는 자를 돕는다haneureun seuseuro domneun jareul domneunda | expression heaven helps those who help themselves |
| 가는 말이 고와야 오는 말이 곱다ganeun mari gowaya oneun mari gopda | expression speak kindly and you'll be spoken to kindly (lit. the words that go out must be nice for the words that come back to be nice) |
| 빈 수레가 요란하다bin surega yoranhada | expression empty vessels make the most noise (lit. an empty cart is noisy) |
| 친구 따라 강남 간다chingu ttara gangnam ganda | expression to do something just because a friend does it (lit. to follow a friend all the way to Gangnam) |
| 팔은 안으로 굽는다pareun aneuro gumneunda | expression people naturally side with their own; blood is thicker than water (lit. arms bend inward) |
| 누워서 침 뱉기nuwoseo chim baetgi | expression an act that backfires on oneself, shooting oneself in the foot (lit. spitting while lying on one's back) |
| 가는 날이 장날ganeun nari jangnal | expression of all days, bad timing (lit. the day you go happens to be market day) |
| 마른하늘에 날벼락mareunhaneure nalbyeorak | expression a bolt from the blue, a sudden disaster (lit. lightning from a clear sky) |
| 호박이 넝쿨째 굴러 들어오다hobagi neongkuljjae gulleo deureooda | expression to have great luck fall into one's lap, to get a windfall (lit. a pumpkin rolls in, vine and all) |
| 싼 게 비지떡ssan ge bijitteok | expression you get what you pay for; cheap things are poor quality (lit. what's cheap is a cake of bean-curd dregs) |
| 사촌이 땅을 사면 배가 아프다sachoni ttangeul samyeon baega apeuda | expression to be jealous of others' good fortune (lit. if your cousin buys land, your stomach hurts) |
| 막무가내mangmuganae | noun being impossible to reason with, stubbornly insisting no matter what |
| 비몽사몽bimongsamong | noun being half asleep, half awake; in a daze |
| 이판사판ipansapan | noun a desperate, do-or-die situation; nothing left to lose |
| 박장대소bakjangdaeso | noun roaring with laughter (while clapping one's hands) |
| 십년감수simnyeongamsu | noun being scared half to death, a close call (lit. losing ten years of one's life) |
| 기진맥진gijinmaekjin | noun utter exhaustion, being completely worn out |
| 일파만파ilpamanpa | noun snowballing, spreading in ever-widening ripples (of a scandal or issue) |
| 전전긍긍jeonjeongeunggeung | noun being on tenterhooks, anxiously fretting |
| 묵묵부답mungmukbudap | noun silence, giving no answer |
| 무궁무진mugungmujin | noun being limitless, inexhaustible |
| 유일무이yuilmui | noun being the one and only, unique |
| 요지부동yojibudong | noun refusing to budge, being immovable |
| 각자도생gakjadosaeng | noun everyone fending for themselves |
| 머리를 싸매다meorireul ssamaeda | expression to study or think extremely hard, to rack one's brains (lit. to wrap up one's head) |
| 잔뼈가 굵다janppyeoga gukda | expression to be a seasoned veteran, to have grown up in a field (lit. one's small bones have grown thick) |
| 목이 잘리다mogi jallida | expression to get fired, to get the axe (lit. to have one's neck cut) |
| 무증상mujeungsang | noun having no symptoms, asymptomatic |
| 밀접 접촉자miljeop jeopchokja | noun close contact (of an infected person) |
| 자가 진단 키트jaga jindan kiteu | noun self-test kit, home rapid test |
| 집단 감염jipdan gamyeom | noun cluster infection, mass outbreak |
| 온열 질환onyeol jilhwan | noun heat-related illness (heatstroke, heat exhaustion) |
| 무더위 쉼터mudeowi swimteo | noun cooling shelter (public place to escape the heat) |
| 이상 기후isang gihu | noun abnormal climate, extreme weather (events) |
| 폭염 특보pogyeom teukbo | noun heat wave alert, heat warning |
| 안읽씹anikssip | noun ignoring a message without even opening it |
| 스트리머seuteurimeo | noun streamer (live-streaming creator) |
| 썸네일sseomneil | noun thumbnail (preview image) |
| 숏폼syotpom | noun short-form video |
| 셰어하우스syeeohauseu | noun share house, shared housing |
| 유연 근무제yuyeon geunmuje | noun flexible working system, flextime |
| 직장 내 괴롭힘jikjang nae goeropim | noun workplace harassment, workplace bullying |
| 소확행sohwakhaeng | noun small but certain happiness, little everyday pleasures |
| 갓생gatsaeng | noun productive, disciplined life; living a model life |
| 플렉스peullekseu | noun flexing, showing off (by splurging) |
| 가심비gasimbi | noun satisfaction for the price, worth it for how it makes you feel |
| 오픈런opeunreon | noun lining up early and rushing in when a store opens |
| (이)나마(i)nama | particle though only, at least (better than nothing) |
| 그런가 하면geureonga hamyeon | expression on the other hand, meanwhile, then again |
| 어디까지나eodikkajina | adverb strictly, purely, merely (just my opinion etc.) |
| 오죽하면ojukamyeon | adverb how bad must it be that … (you can imagine how bad) |
| 피임약piimnyak | noun birth control pill, contraceptive pill |
| 두드러기dudeureogi | noun hives, (allergic) rash |
| 비듬bideum | noun dandruff |
| 다래끼daraekki | noun sty (on the eyelid) |