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Korean grammar patterns › Level 5

-(으)ㄴ/는 이상

since, now that (it is a fact that) …

Level 5 · TOPIK II · advanced

How to use it

Clause 1 is a fixed fact; clause 2 is what must naturally follow (duty, decision, certainty). Clause 2 often has -아/어야 하다, -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다, or a command.

Forming it

하다→ 한 이상
알다→ 아는 이상
시작하다→ 시작한 이상
학생→ 학생인 이상

Not with -(으)ㄹ: ✗ 시작할 이상.

Examples

Compared with similar patterns

-는 한 is a condition ('as long as / unless'); -(으)ㄴ 이상 treats clause 1 as already settled. -(으)ㄴ/는 만큼 'since' is softer and lacks the sense of obligation.

Related patterns