Korean grammar patterns › Level 6
-(으)ㄹ진대
since, given that … (archaic; leads to a conclusion)
Level 6 · TOPIK II · advanced
How to use it
Archaic, used in formal writing or speeches. Clause 1 states an accepted premise; clause 2 draws a conclusion from it, very often a rhetorical question with 어찌 or 하물며.
Forming it
| 하다 | → 할진대 |
| 없다 | → 없을진대 |
| 학생 | → 학생일진대 |
| 부모 | → 부모일진대 |
Not for everyday speech or practical situations: ✗ 비가 올진대 우산 가져가.
Examples
부모도 자식을 이기지 못할진대 하물며 남이 어찌 이기겠는가.
If even parents cannot win against their children, how much less could a stranger?
사정이 이러할진대 누구를 탓할 수 있겠습니까?
Since this is how things stand, whom could we blame?
Compared with similar patterns
-거늘 is also archaic but often adds reproach or contrast ('and yet'); -(으)니 is the neutral written 'since/so'.